{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409796037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564392","title":"On the Challenges of Quantum Circuit Encoding Using Deep and Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"On the Challenges of Quantum Circuit Encoding Using Deep and Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409796037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029610957","display_name":"Patrick Selig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0912-9801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Selig","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0912-9801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001584174","display_name":"Niall Murphy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115428","display_name":"Equilume (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bvdyv86","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115428"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niall Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equal1 Laboratories, Dublin 4, Ireland","Equal1 Labs, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equal1 Laboratories, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equal1 Labs, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043614486","display_name":"David Redmond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-8606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115428","display_name":"Equilume (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bvdyv86","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115428"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Redmond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equal1 Laboratories, Dublin 4, Ireland","Equal1 Labs, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equal1 Laboratories, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equal1 Labs, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021197359","display_name":"Simon Caton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9379-3879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Caton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9379-3879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029610957"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03661644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"75220","last_page":"75234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9235000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7267836332321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6489214301109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6417238712310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4596720337867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4101530611515045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3994828462600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12466791272163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.0950005054473877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7267836332321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6489214301109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6417238712310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4596720337867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4101530611515045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3994828462600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12466791272163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0950005054473877}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02411bda49814685bd150831e540c536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02411bda49814685bd150831e540c536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 75220-75234 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7316039843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18/CRT/6183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489425340","https://openalex.org/W1518705996","https://openalex.org/W1655078475","https://openalex.org/W1980900887","https://openalex.org/W1988369744","https://openalex.org/W2013596093","https://openalex.org/W2093535699","https://openalex.org/W2103956991","https://openalex.org/W2117362191","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2541300205","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2568721247","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2798628553","https://openalex.org/W2886010853","https://openalex.org/W2902691505","https://openalex.org/W2941137921","https://openalex.org/W2962960197","https://openalex.org/W2964341242","https://openalex.org/W2986416691","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3021005889","https://openalex.org/W3034789704","https://openalex.org/W3139389937","https://openalex.org/W3173851057","https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W3185930291","https://openalex.org/W3188946160","https://openalex.org/W3192343331","https://openalex.org/W3216823464","https://openalex.org/W4220900977","https://openalex.org/W4237412827","https://openalex.org/W4253977062","https://openalex.org/W4283825676","https://openalex.org/W4285338095","https://openalex.org/W4297792190","https://openalex.org/W4310557242","https://openalex.org/W4310808773","https://openalex.org/W4377832123","https://openalex.org/W4384917131","https://openalex.org/W4385220534","https://openalex.org/W4385468837","https://openalex.org/W4386902845","https://openalex.org/W4389162693","https://openalex.org/W4391227260","https://openalex.org/W4391844627","https://openalex.org/W4398135755","https://openalex.org/W4400259548","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6687312770","https://openalex.org/W6729410713","https://openalex.org/W6735480746","https://openalex.org/W6736742618","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6741602385","https://openalex.org/W6748012927","https://openalex.org/W6752097531","https://openalex.org/W6764980988","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779823529","https://openalex.org/W6796173392","https://openalex.org/W6804601995","https://openalex.org/W6851303145","https://openalex.org/W6857130444","https://openalex.org/W6893077880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"computers":[1],"may":[2],"solve":[3,129],"some":[4,181],"computing":[5],"tasks":[6,92],"more":[7],"efficiently":[8],"than":[9],"classical":[10],"computers,":[11],"but":[12,52],"to":[13,27,45,65,87,110,113,124,128,148,180,212,217],"do":[14],"so":[15],"requires":[16],"the":[17,43,71,82,97,101,115,149,191,207,223,237],"design":[18,28,218],"of":[19,84,100,117,151,160,185,193,210,226],"appropriate":[20],"quantum":[21,31,89,132,140,166,198,227],"circuits.":[22,228],"However,":[23],"it":[24,53,233],"is":[25,54,63,142],"hard":[26],"even":[29],"simple":[30],"programs.":[32],"Recent":[33],"results":[34,192],"have":[35],"shown":[36],"that":[37,93,138],"deep":[38,61],"learning":[39,62,123],"augmented":[40],"search":[41,72],"has":[42],"potential":[44],"discover":[46],"good":[47],"circuits":[48,90,141,167],"for":[49,91,197,222],"a":[50,68,118,170],"problem,":[51],"not":[55],"yet":[56],"sufficiently":[57],"understood":[58],"how":[59,232],"well":[60],"able":[64],"model":[66],"such":[67],"complex":[69],"domain:":[70],"space":[73,76],"and":[74,120,163],"output":[75],"grow":[77],"exponentially.":[78],"This":[79,135],"work":[80,136],"explores":[81],"ability":[83],"neural":[85,108,126,219],"networks":[86,109,127],"encode":[88],"require":[94],"knowledge":[95],"about":[96],"unitary":[98,116],"representation":[99],"circuit.":[102],"To":[103],"this":[104],"end,":[105],"we":[106,205,215],"trained":[107],"directly":[111],"learn":[112],"predict":[114],"circuit":[119,130],"applied":[121,153],"reinforcement":[122],"train":[125],"based":[131],"state":[133,199],"preparation.":[134,200],"finds":[137],"encoding":[139],"quite":[143],"difficult":[144],"especially":[145],"with":[146,169],"regards":[147],"amount":[150],"entanglement":[152],"in":[154,165,236],"both":[155],"application":[156],"domains.":[157],"The":[158,183],"use":[159,184],"intermediate":[161,186],"states":[162,187],"structure":[164],"combined":[168],"reasonable":[171],"inductive":[172],"bias,":[173],"where":[174],"applicable,":[175],"can":[176],"alleviate":[177],"these":[178,203],"problems":[179],"extent.":[182],"also":[188],"greatly":[189],"improves":[190,234],"Deep":[194],"Reinforcement":[195],"Learning":[196],"Based":[201],"on":[202,231],"results,":[204],"discuss":[206],"next":[208],"set":[209],"challenges":[211],"address":[213],"if":[214],"are":[216],"network-based":[220],"approaches":[221],"automatic":[224],"generation":[225],"Add":[229],"sentence":[230],"things":[235],"end.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
