{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409762448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564213","title":"ROPGCViT: A Novel Explainable Vision Transformer for Retinopathy of Prematurity Diagnosis","display_name":"ROPGCViT: A Novel Explainable Vision Transformer for Retinopathy of Prematurity Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409762448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564213","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102772858","display_name":"Mustafa Yurdakul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-4931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799978770","display_name":"X-Fab (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/030bh9196","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799978770"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45642913","display_name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zhwwf82","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}],"countries":["DE","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Yurdakul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye","Computer Engineering Department, Kirikkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-4931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799978770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Kirikkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45642913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089814459","display_name":"K\u00fcbra Uyar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-3319"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K\u00fcbra Uyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Türkiye","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027045454","display_name":"\u015eakir Ta\u015fdemir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-246X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137996928","display_name":"Sel\u00e7uk University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hgzm75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u015eak\u00edr Ta\u015fdem\u00edr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye","Computer Engineering Department, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073016451","display_name":"\u0130rfan Ataba\u015f","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137996928","display_name":"Sel\u00e7uk University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hgzm75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799978770","display_name":"X-Fab (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/030bh9196","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799978770"]}],"countries":["DE","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00cdrfan Ataba\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye","Computer Engineering Department, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799978770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":20.6489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99441106,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"77064","last_page":"77079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12484","display_name":"Retinopathy of Prematurity Studies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy-of-prematurity","display_name":"Retinopathy of prematurity","score":0.8937119245529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6121183633804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3802057206630707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22772368788719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gestational-age","display_name":"Gestational age","score":0.06386053562164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"Pregnancy","score":0.04231137037277222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423087","display_name":"Retinopathy of prematurity","level":4,"score":0.8937119245529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6121183633804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3802057206630707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22772368788719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778376644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111","display_name":"Gestational age","level":3,"score":0.06386053562164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.04231137037277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acikerisim.alanya.edu.tr:20.500.12868/5065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12868/5065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055194","display_name":"Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f42044a206ac432f9ead7e46d1ad942c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f42044a206ac432f9ead7e46d1ad942c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 77064-77079 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2167575182","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2800012666","https://openalex.org/W2945267140","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2990460508","https://openalex.org/W3016719260","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3046828655","https://openalex.org/W3048817311","https://openalex.org/W3091585082","https://openalex.org/W3110137662","https://openalex.org/W3197896048","https://openalex.org/W3210710789","https://openalex.org/W3214032520","https://openalex.org/W4206417498","https://openalex.org/W4213029887","https://openalex.org/W4226212197","https://openalex.org/W4237607598","https://openalex.org/W4313466513","https://openalex.org/W4361026350","https://openalex.org/W4377044088","https://openalex.org/W4378420772","https://openalex.org/W4386362994","https://openalex.org/W4388949095","https://openalex.org/W4391887075","https://openalex.org/W4392397365","https://openalex.org/W4399051030","https://openalex.org/W4399766129","https://openalex.org/W4400293197","https://openalex.org/W4400593959","https://openalex.org/W4401323235","https://openalex.org/W4404068717","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6839204056","https://openalex.org/W6910611088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W415308517","https://openalex.org/W4255079005","https://openalex.org/W3112525243","https://openalex.org/W3129370351","https://openalex.org/W2092834228","https://openalex.org/W4386645458","https://openalex.org/W1123800087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retinopathy":[0],"of":[1,17,34,39,93,154,160,167,192,231,240],"Prematurity":[2],"(ROP)":[3],"is":[4,42,70],"a":[5,43,80,91,152,259],"severe":[6],"disease":[7],"that":[8,49],"occurs":[9],"in":[10,31,83,165,215],"premature":[11],"babies":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,23,56,110,143,188,242],"abnormal":[15],"development":[16],"retinal":[18],"vessels":[19],"and":[20,46,59,102,137,147,172,213,227,250,269],"can":[21,54],"lead":[22,55],"permanent":[24],"vision":[25],"loss.":[26],"Fundus":[27],"images":[28,41,194],"are":[29],"critical":[30],"the":[32,37,63,117,122,158,161,179,190,195,216,234,238],"diagnosis":[33,58,67,264],"ROP;":[35],"however,":[36],"examination":[38],"fundus":[40,114,156,193],"subjective,":[44],"time-consuming,":[45],"error-prone":[47],"process":[48],"requires":[50],"experience.":[51],"This":[52],"situation":[53],"delayed":[57],"inaccurate":[60],"evaluations.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"need":[64],"for":[65,252,262],"computer-aided":[66],"(CAD)":[68],"systems":[69],"increasing":[71],"day":[72],"by":[73],"day.":[74],"Deep":[75],"learning":[76],"(DL)":[77],"methods":[78,214],"have":[79],"high":[81,266],"potential":[82],"analyzing":[84],"such":[85],"complex":[86],"images.":[87,115],"In":[88],"this":[89],"study,":[90],"total":[92],"50":[94,210],"DL":[95,211],"models,":[96],"25":[97,103],"Convolutional":[98],"Neural":[99],"Network":[100],"(CNN),":[101],"Vision":[104,125],"Transformer":[105,126],"(ViT)":[106],"models":[107,212],"were":[108],"tested":[109],"diagnose":[111],"ROP":[112,263],"from":[113],"Furthermore,":[116],"ROPGCViT":[118,207,256],"model":[119,162,196,241,257],"based":[120],"on":[121,198,244],"Global":[123],"Context":[124],"(GCViT)":[127],"was":[128,131,163,186],"proposed.":[129],"GCViT":[130],"enhanced":[132],"with":[133,218,265],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[134],"(SE)":[135],"block":[136],"Residual":[138],"Multilayer":[139],"Perceptron":[140],"(RMLP)":[141],"structures":[142],"effectively":[144],"learn":[145],"local":[146],"global":[148],"context":[149],"information.":[150],"With":[151],"dataset":[153],"1099":[155],"images,":[157],"performance":[159],"evaluated":[164],"terms":[166],"accuracy,":[168,220,267],"precision,":[169,222],"recall,":[170,224],"f1-score,":[171,226],"Cohen\u2019s":[173,228],"kappa":[174,229],"score.":[175],"To":[176],"enhance":[177],"explainability,":[178],"Gradient-Weighted":[180],"Class":[181],"Activation":[182],"Mapping":[183],"(Grad-CAM)":[184],"method":[185],"utilized":[187],"visualize":[189],"regions":[191],"focused":[197],"during":[199],"classification,":[200],"providing":[201],"insights":[202],"into":[203],"its":[204],"decision-making":[205],"process.":[206],"outperformed":[208],"both":[209],"literature":[217],"94.69%":[219,223],"94.84%":[221],"94.60%":[225],"score":[230],"93.10%.":[232],"Additionally,":[233],"Grad-CAM":[235],"visualizations":[236],"demonstrated":[237],"ability":[239],"focus":[243],"clinically":[245],"relevant":[246],"regions,":[247],"enhancing":[248],"trust":[249],"interpretability":[251],"experts.":[253],"The":[254],"proposed":[255],"provides":[258],"robust":[260],"solution":[261],"flexibility,":[268],"generalization":[270],"capacity.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}