{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409761869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564032","title":"A Novel LSTM Architecture for Automatic Modulation Recognition: Comparative Analysis With Conventional Machine Learning and RNN-Based Approaches","display_name":"A Novel LSTM Architecture for Automatic Modulation Recognition: Comparative Analysis With Conventional Machine Learning and RNN-Based Approaches","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409761869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564032","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050454101","display_name":"Sam Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-4972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sam Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Science and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-4972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Science and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001164203","display_name":"Soliman A. Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-1796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soliman Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-1796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000482651","display_name":"Sohaib Majzoub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohaib Majzoub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-2635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016604118","display_name":"Eqab Almajali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-7903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eqab Almajali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-7903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075083686","display_name":"Anwar Jarndal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Jarndal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009450763","display_name":"Talal Bonny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-0304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talal Bonny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-0304","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050454101"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.5382,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98897489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"72526","last_page":"72543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7767641544342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6480153203010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.49382147192955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4492899775505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4422071576118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.44004201889038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.12363627552986145}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7767641544342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6480153203010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.49382147192955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4492899775505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4422071576118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.44004201889038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.12363627552986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a66ef9d742c14464ae79bbd53f7ab929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a66ef9d742c14464ae79bbd53f7ab929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 72526-72543 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529421824","https://openalex.org/W1910328936","https://openalex.org/W2035328597","https://openalex.org/W2088331655","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2130014182","https://openalex.org/W2139054978","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2402669159","https://openalex.org/W2603396821","https://openalex.org/W2609211361","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2745723384","https://openalex.org/W2775383661","https://openalex.org/W2790688030","https://openalex.org/W2795621028","https://openalex.org/W2808769300","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2896666719","https://openalex.org/W2901027321","https://openalex.org/W2902897529","https://openalex.org/W2909191390","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2916820451","https://openalex.org/W2917006683","https://openalex.org/W2921683268","https://openalex.org/W2953143151","https://openalex.org/W2963145597","https://openalex.org/W2963730508","https://openalex.org/W2971411179","https://openalex.org/W2980902614","https://openalex.org/W2981740682","https://openalex.org/W2986739745","https://openalex.org/W2999371818","https://openalex.org/W2999595914","https://openalex.org/W3101503122","https://openalex.org/W3101849977","https://openalex.org/W3138621703","https://openalex.org/W3155899199","https://openalex.org/W3158727039","https://openalex.org/W3193513114","https://openalex.org/W3213410040","https://openalex.org/W4205789684","https://openalex.org/W4221014924","https://openalex.org/W4221130967","https://openalex.org/W4224014628","https://openalex.org/W4285227562","https://openalex.org/W4285263374","https://openalex.org/W4292737595","https://openalex.org/W4316655748","https://openalex.org/W4320011037","https://openalex.org/W4365801635","https://openalex.org/W4376853584","https://openalex.org/W4377233869","https://openalex.org/W4380318365","https://openalex.org/W4382407401","https://openalex.org/W4385577011","https://openalex.org/W4386029034","https://openalex.org/W4386303287","https://openalex.org/W4386609216","https://openalex.org/W4390667401","https://openalex.org/W4392449923","https://openalex.org/W4392939813","https://openalex.org/W4400189651","https://openalex.org/W4402811737","https://openalex.org/W4405827195","https://openalex.org/W4407758667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W2033914206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47,153],"recognition":[1,33,75,200],"of":[2,38,90,96,112,158,179,202,207,292],"modulation":[3,32,162],"types":[4],"in":[5,18,78,305],"received":[6],"signals":[7],"is":[8,50,93,135,156,173],"essential":[9],"for":[10,120,137,145],"signal":[11],"detection":[12],"and":[13,21,109,126,143,149,170,247,281],"demodulation,":[14],"with":[15,270],"broad":[16,177],"applications":[17],"telecommunications,":[19],"defense,":[20],"wireless":[22,147],"communications.":[23],"This":[24,71,115],"paper":[25],"introduces":[26],"a":[27,39,61,97,176,199,289],"pioneering":[28],"approach":[29],"to":[30,52,186,276],"automatic":[31],"(AMR)":[34],"through":[35,189],"the":[36,67,94,113,118,132,196,262,279,285,295],"development":[37],"highly":[40],"optimized":[41],"long":[42],"short-term":[43],"memory":[44],"(LSTM)":[45],"network.":[46],"proposed":[48,133,154,263,286],"framework":[49,134,264],"engineered":[51],"capture":[53],"intricate":[54],"temporal":[55,108],"dependencies":[56],"within":[57],"modulated":[58],"signals,":[59],"leveraging":[60],"gated":[62],"architecture":[63,155],"that":[64,195,261],"effectively":[65],"mitigates":[66],"vanishing":[68],"gradient":[69],"problem.":[70],"innovation":[72],"markedly":[73],"improves":[74],"accuracy,":[76],"particularly":[77],"low-SNR":[79],"conditions":[80],"where":[81],"traditional":[82],"methods":[83],"are":[84],"often":[85],"limited.":[86],"A":[87],"defining":[88],"contribution":[89],"this":[91],"work":[92],"introduction":[95],"novel,":[98],"adaptive":[99,225],"temporal-spectral":[100],"feature":[101,122],"learning":[102,214,249,268,297],"mechanism,":[103],"which":[104],"seamlessly":[105],"integrates":[106],"both":[107],"spectral":[110],"characteristics":[111],"signal.":[114],"paradigm":[116],"eliminates":[117],"need":[119],"manual":[121],"extraction,":[123],"enhances":[124],"interpretability,":[125],"significantly":[127],"boosts":[128],"classification":[129],"efficiency.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"designed":[136],"low-complexity":[138],"deployment,":[139],"ensuring":[140],"its":[141,302],"scalability":[142],"suitability":[144],"next-generation":[146],"networks":[148,242,256],"real-time":[150],"communication":[151],"systems.":[152],"capable":[157],"distinguishing":[159],"between":[160],"seven":[161],"classes:":[163],"BASK,":[164],"4-ASK,":[165],"BFSK,":[166],"4-FSK,":[167],"BPSK,":[168],"4-PSK,":[169],"16-QAM.":[171],"Performance":[172],"evaluated":[174],"across":[175],"range":[178],"signal-to-noise":[180],"ratios":[181],"(SNR),":[182],"from":[183,274],"-10":[184],"dB":[185],"+30":[187],"dB,":[188,209],"extensive":[190],"simulations.":[191],"Experimental":[192],"results":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"model":[197,287],"achieves":[198,288],"accuracy":[201,271],"99.87%":[203],"at":[204],"an":[205],"SNR":[206],"-5":[208],"outperforming":[210],"several":[211],"conventional":[212,266],"machine":[213,267],"techniques,":[215,269],"including":[216],"multi-layer":[217],"perceptron":[218],"(MLP),":[219],"radial":[220],"basis":[221],"function":[222],"(RBF)":[223],"networks,":[224],"neuro-fuzzy":[226],"inference":[227],"systems":[228],"(ANFIS),":[229],"decision":[230],"trees":[231],"(DT),":[232],"na\u00efve":[233],"Bayes":[234],"(NB),":[235],"support":[236],"vector":[237],"machines":[238],"(SVM),":[239],"probabilistic":[240],"neural":[241,255],"(PNN),":[243],"k-nearest":[244],"neighbors":[245],"(KNN),":[246],"ensemble":[248],"models,":[250],"as":[251,253],"well":[252],"recurrent":[254],"(RNNs).":[257],"Comparative":[258],"analysis":[259],"reveals":[260],"outperforms":[265],"improvements":[272],"ranging":[273],"1.77%":[275],"34.03%":[277],"over":[278,294],"best-":[280],"worst-performing":[282],"methods.":[283],"Additionally,":[284],"performance":[290],"gain":[291],"2.02%":[293],"deep":[296],"(DL)-based":[298],"RNN,":[299],"further":[300],"highlighting":[301],"superior":[303],"capability":[304],"AMR.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
