{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409760973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3563908","title":"ConvGRU: A Lightweight Intrusion Detection System for Vehicle Networks Based on Shallow CNN and GRU","display_name":"ConvGRU: A Lightweight Intrusion Detection System for Vehicle Networks Based on Shallow CNN and GRU","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409760973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3563908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3563908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3563908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3563908","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101571536","display_name":"Shaoqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1629-1581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaoqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1629-1581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110614034","display_name":"Jiahui Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0118-4819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006862404","display_name":"Y. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4569-0575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4569-0575","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039236365","display_name":"Shutong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shutong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034162672","display_name":"Lei Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-8039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059457542","display_name":"Yinfei Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1638-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinfei Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101571536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.9057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93308812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"73297","last_page":"73318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7665466666221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7420454621315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3277575969696045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7665466666221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7420454621315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3277575969696045}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3563908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3563908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a1060e26e61a4326b12f8dc20f29fd97","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a1060e26e61a4326b12f8dc20f29fd97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 73297-73318 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3563908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3563908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2410874034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20240101343JC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327282","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3133776724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20240101343JC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317784","funder_display_name":"Jilin Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317784","display_name":"Jilin Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327282","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27630839","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2605270919","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2898623510","https://openalex.org/W2948384692","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2964262308","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W2980576170","https://openalex.org/W2981094074","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2991507433","https://openalex.org/W2993464084","https://openalex.org/W2999783106","https://openalex.org/W3014212182","https://openalex.org/W3018640761","https://openalex.org/W3091724539","https://openalex.org/W3092232275","https://openalex.org/W3102359135","https://openalex.org/W3118521491","https://openalex.org/W3121972055","https://openalex.org/W3130982961","https://openalex.org/W3157156764","https://openalex.org/W3159754263","https://openalex.org/W3160455160","https://openalex.org/W3178719887","https://openalex.org/W3195997474","https://openalex.org/W4206309573","https://openalex.org/W4211134207","https://openalex.org/W4223536147","https://openalex.org/W4229070083","https://openalex.org/W4290996887","https://openalex.org/W4294860585","https://openalex.org/W4312444675","https://openalex.org/W4366424700","https://openalex.org/W4376959478","https://openalex.org/W4380879328","https://openalex.org/W4384821644","https://openalex.org/W4398199963","https://openalex.org/W4401246761","https://openalex.org/W4401607449","https://openalex.org/W4403247489","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6731596640","https://openalex.org/W6739917289","https://openalex.org/W6753069482","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6865890630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,12,15,85,140],"connected":[4],"vehicles":[5],"has":[6],"significantly":[7,81],"expanded":[8],"the":[9,13,79,83,105,111,126],"attack":[10],"surface":[11],"Internet":[14],"Vehicles":[16],"(IoV),":[17],"introducing":[18],"severe":[19],"security":[20],"risks.":[21],"In":[22],"such":[23,70],"resource-constrained":[24,163],"environments,":[25],"developing":[26],"lightweight":[27,47],"solutions":[28],"is":[29],"crucial":[30],"to":[31],"ensuring":[32,159],"real-time":[33],"detection":[34,51,150,156],"and":[35,75,87,121,129,136],"efficient":[36,160],"deployment.":[37],"To":[38],"ad-dress":[39],"these":[40],"challenges,":[41],"this":[42,148],"study":[43],"proposes":[44],"ConvGRU,":[45],"a":[46,55,62,137],"vehicular":[48,164],"network":[49],"intrusion":[50,149],"model":[52,80],"that":[53,147],"integrates":[54],"shallow":[56,98],"Convolutional":[57],"Neural":[58],"Network":[59],"(CNN)":[60],"with":[61,132],"Gated":[63],"Recurrent":[64],"Unit":[65],"(GRU).":[66],"By":[67],"employing":[68],"optimizations":[69],"as":[71],"small":[72],"convolutional":[73],"kernels":[74],"depthwise":[76],"separable":[77],"convolutions,":[78],"reduces":[82],"number":[84],"parameters":[86,135],"computational":[88],"overhead,":[89],"making":[90],"it":[91],"well-suited":[92],"for":[93],"resource-limited":[94],"IoV":[95],"environments.":[96,165],"CNN":[99],"effectively":[100],"captures":[101],"spatial":[102],"features,":[103],"while":[104,158],"GRU":[106],"extracts":[107],"temporal":[108],"dependencies,":[109],"enhancing":[110],"model\u2019s":[112],"generalization":[113],"ability.":[114],"ConvGRU":[115],"achieves":[116],"an":[117],"accu-racy,":[118],"precision,":[119],"recall,":[120],"F1-score":[122],"exceeding":[123],"0.99":[124],"on":[125],"HCRL-Car-hacking,":[127],"OTIDS,":[128],"CICIDS-2018":[130],"datasets,":[131],"only":[133],"112.55K":[134],"memory":[138],"footprint":[139],"merely":[141],"0.43":[142],"MB.":[143],"Experimental":[144],"results":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"solution":[151],"substantially":[152],"improves":[153],"malicious":[154],"traffic":[155],"accuracy":[157],"operation":[161],"in":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}