{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409640649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562674","title":"Efficient Deep Learning Models Revolutionize Doctor\u2019s Training for Point-of-Care Ultrasound","display_name":"Efficient Deep Learning Models Revolutionize Doctor\u2019s Training for Point-of-Care Ultrasound","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409640649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562674","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085193162","display_name":"Hsin-Hung Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-9598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365169","display_name":"National Chi Nan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha6v181","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hsin-Hung Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi-Chung Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-5156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365169","display_name":"National Chi Nan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha6v181","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Chung Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021185740","display_name":"Wan\u2010Ching Lien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9448-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan-Ching Lien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011098388","display_name":"Lung\u2010Chun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7325-0823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131804","display_name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03nteze27","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lung-Chun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021596620","display_name":"Xing-Zheng Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365169","display_name":"National Chi Nan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha6v181","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing-Zheng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014803425","display_name":"T.C. Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365169","display_name":"National Chi Nan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha6v181","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-En Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046055361","display_name":"Yueh-Ping Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131804","display_name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03nteze27","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueh-Ping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4800-644X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109650","display_name":"Chu Shang Show Chwan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01mz9wf40","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109650"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Show Chwan Health Care System, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Show Chwan Health Care System, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066392381","display_name":"Yen-Ting Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133485","display_name":"UnitedHealth Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04a8rt780","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133485"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen-Ting Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research Planning, OmniHealth Group Inc., Taipei, Taiwan","Department of Research Planning of OmniHealth Group Inc, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research Planning, OmniHealth Group Inc., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133485"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research Planning of OmniHealth Group Inc, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084208817","display_name":"Feng-Sen Kuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202968851","display_name":"Huafan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x5hb316","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202968851"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng-Sen Kuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Development, Huasin H. T. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan","Department of Business Development of Huasin H. T. Limited, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Development, Huasin H. T. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202968851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Development of Huasin H. T. Limited, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085193162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9256,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88910555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"76038","last_page":"76046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6340703368186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5419372916221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5172746777534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.49939823150634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4857345223426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-of-care-ultrasound","display_name":"Point of care ultrasound","score":0.4637241065502167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36196187138557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.35477638244628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.34469133615493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20337343215942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.12358534336090088}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6340703368186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5419372916221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5172746777534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.49939823150634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4857345223426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019564036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370745","display_name":"Point of care ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.4637241065502167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36196187138557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.35477638244628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.34469133615493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20337343215942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.12358534336090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4643fa19534416d9eb7f9aaac4f6e36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4643fa19534416d9eb7f9aaac4f6e36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 76038-76046 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1094187725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-002-173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G63825071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 111-2221-E-260-008-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8029549408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-002 -173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1988623744","https://openalex.org/W1991938459","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2112900456","https://openalex.org/W2158005745","https://openalex.org/W2164862881","https://openalex.org/W2167581946","https://openalex.org/W2231128188","https://openalex.org/W2581679323","https://openalex.org/W2750508030","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2807201840","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W3005931683","https://openalex.org/W3011748850","https://openalex.org/W3112773393","https://openalex.org/W3112901432","https://openalex.org/W4224294017","https://openalex.org/W4319790672","https://openalex.org/W4361208839","https://openalex.org/W4378420767","https://openalex.org/W4385579124","https://openalex.org/W4399717997","https://openalex.org/W4402615735","https://openalex.org/W4405038228","https://openalex.org/W4405379653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2510706622","https://openalex.org/W3090871258","https://openalex.org/W2802661409","https://openalex.org/W2586677443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Point-of-care":[0],"ultrasound":[1,79],"(PoCUS)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,31,229],"valuable":[5],"diagnostic":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8,16,36],"pericardial":[9],"effusion":[10,104],"(PCE).":[11],"However,":[12],"the":[13,44,73,78,144,153,170,184,205,211,244,250,275,283],"time":[14,284],"constraints":[15],"trainees":[17,288],"and":[18,38,41,65,72,89,95,115,117,131,195,235,264,281,289],"experts":[19],"pose":[20],"significant":[21,219,241],"barriers":[22],"to":[23,29,42,92,101,128,260],"PoCUS":[24,55,279],"learning.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"aims":[28],"develop":[30],"deep":[32],"learning":[33,45,161],"(DL)":[34],"model":[35,50,147,227],"detecting":[37],"localizing":[39],"PCE":[40,64,69],"investigate":[43],"efficacy":[46],"of":[47,59,136,158,177,180,187,193,277],"using":[48],"this":[49],"as":[51],"an":[52,174,257],"adjunct":[53],"in":[54,204,221,243],"training.":[56],"A":[57],"total":[58],"101":[60],"patients":[61],"with":[62,210],"moderate/large":[63],"104":[66],"controls":[67],"without":[68],"were":[70,75,126,216,239],"included,":[71],"images":[74],"extracted":[76],"from":[77,143],"(US)":[80],"clips.We":[81],"applied":[82],"preprocessing":[83],"techniques,":[84,97],"including":[85,98],"standardized":[86],"image":[87],"sizes":[88],"background":[90],"removal,":[91],"reduce":[93,265,282],"interference,":[94],"post-processing":[96],"adding":[99],"filters":[100],"refine":[102],"small":[103],"regions.":[105],"We":[106],"developed":[107],"three":[108],"DL":[109,146],"models":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112,134,286],"U-Net,":[113],"Res-UNet,":[114],"UNet++":[116,167,212,226],"compared":[118],"their":[119],"performance.":[120],"Additionally,":[121],"14":[122],"emergency":[123],"medicine":[124],"residents":[125,154],"recruited":[127],"complete":[129],"classification":[130,206],"segmentation":[132],"tasks":[133],"10%":[135],"randomly":[137],"selected":[138],"US":[139],"images.":[140,159],"Personalized":[141],"feedback":[142],"best-performing":[145],"was":[148,163],"provided.":[149],"Three":[150],"months":[151],"later,":[152],"annotated":[155],"another":[156],"set":[157],"Their":[160],"performance":[162],"also":[164],"evaluated.":[165],"The":[166,198,225],"algorithm":[168],"surpassed":[169],"other":[171],"two,":[172],"attaining":[173],"impressive":[175],"sensitivity":[176,200,252],"96%,":[178],"specificity":[179],"97%,":[181],"area":[182],"under":[183],"curve":[185],"(AUC)":[186],"98%,":[188],"intersection":[189],"over":[190],"union":[191],"(IOU)":[192],"81%,":[194],"minimal":[196],"latency.":[197,236],"overall":[199,251],"increased":[201,253],"by":[202,254],"4%":[203],"task":[207],"after":[208,247],"training":[209],"model,":[213],"although":[214],"there":[215,238],"no":[217,240],"statistically":[218],"differences":[220,242],"all":[222],"evaluation":[223,245],"metrics.":[224],"achieved":[228],"balance":[230],"between":[231],"high":[232],"accuracy,":[233],"IOU,":[234],"Although":[237],"metrics":[246],"UNet++-assisted":[248],"learning,":[249],"4%,":[255],"indicating":[256],"improved":[258],"ability":[259],"recognize":[261],"true":[262],"positives":[263],"false":[266],"negatives.":[267],"Our":[268],"results":[269],"demonstrated":[270],"that":[271],"AI":[272],"could":[273],"enhance":[274],"interpretation":[276],"rare":[278],"conditions":[280],"demands":[285],"both":[287],"teachers.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00"}