{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409580997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562368","title":"EEMLCR: Energy-Efficient Machine Learning-Based Clustering and Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"EEMLCR: Energy-Efficient Machine Learning-Based Clustering and Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409580997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562368","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100699840","display_name":"Muhammad Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-9804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-9804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087814995","display_name":"Sibghat Ullah Bazai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-5977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sibghat Ullah Bazai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-5977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071049393","display_name":"Muhammad Imran Ghafoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-3163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127743","display_name":"Pakistan Telecommunication Company (Pakistan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03enm7r21","country_code":"PK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127743"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran Ghafoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Pakistan Television Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan","Senior Broadcast IT Engineer, Department of Engineering, Pakistan Television Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-3163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Pakistan Television Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Broadcast IT Engineer, Department of Engineering, Pakistan Television Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Saira Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1201-8712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saira Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1201-8712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025115747","display_name":"Qazi Mudassar Ilyas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qazi Mudassar Ilyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-8093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014727627","display_name":"Abid Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-9537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165529","display_name":"University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tcr1n44","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abid Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-9537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529","https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072097752","display_name":"Sajid Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-2275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-2275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065477215","display_name":"Muhammad Asim Rafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9796-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asim Rafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":23.9971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99689117,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"70849","last_page":"70871"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9394000172615051,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8042633533477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6784700751304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6747658252716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.5491008758544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5211256146430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5002729892730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.4538388252258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Mobile wireless sensor network","score":0.4151838719844818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.4106496572494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.3624577820301056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32122522592544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3011344075202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.26218271255493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2134021520614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1420861780643463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8042633533477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6784700751304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6747658252716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.5491008758544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5211256146430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5002729892730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4538388252258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7091991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149548","display_name":"Mobile wireless sensor network","level":5,"score":0.4151838719844818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.4106496572494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.3624577820301056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32122522592544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3011344075202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.26218271255493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2134021520614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1420861780643463}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22fbbca6a06648d3919f5b06a2f8a31e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22fbbca6a06648d3919f5b06a2f8a31e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 70849-70871 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3562368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3562368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6913310916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KFU251434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322804","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322804","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331156","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1177975351","https://openalex.org/W1989763926","https://openalex.org/W2007722345","https://openalex.org/W2161371274","https://openalex.org/W2271178920","https://openalex.org/W2276481867","https://openalex.org/W2496442902","https://openalex.org/W2568976585","https://openalex.org/W2617513273","https://openalex.org/W2751026114","https://openalex.org/W2779269988","https://openalex.org/W2798894366","https://openalex.org/W2894304232","https://openalex.org/W2912582546","https://openalex.org/W2958086015","https://openalex.org/W2999300018","https://openalex.org/W3006338628","https://openalex.org/W3036040029","https://openalex.org/W3121794515","https://openalex.org/W3125705345","https://openalex.org/W3127978539","https://openalex.org/W3133659124","https://openalex.org/W3160875403","https://openalex.org/W3174182389","https://openalex.org/W4210514624","https://openalex.org/W4224284983","https://openalex.org/W4312321779","https://openalex.org/W4317356885","https://openalex.org/W4319459070","https://openalex.org/W4364301735","https://openalex.org/W4386031047","https://openalex.org/W4387489530","https://openalex.org/W4387615076","https://openalex.org/W4391876787","https://openalex.org/W4392979669","https://openalex.org/W4394571080","https://openalex.org/W4394884661","https://openalex.org/W4399075425","https://openalex.org/W4399683406","https://openalex.org/W4400967108","https://openalex.org/W4401110868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W917005982","https://openalex.org/W2148549110","https://openalex.org/W590203105","https://openalex.org/W2511746937","https://openalex.org/W2386876404","https://openalex.org/W2001566400","https://openalex.org/W4309995761","https://openalex.org/W2295628284","https://openalex.org/W2010136232","https://openalex.org/W2377741144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"Sensor":[1],"Networks":[2],"(WSNs)":[3],"offer":[4],"a":[5],"powerful":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,104,265],"sensing":[9],"and":[10,29,42,58,75,90,100,111,125,131,149,155,187,202,217,223,268],"transmitting":[11],"data":[12,266],"across":[13],"vast":[14],"geographical":[15],"regions.":[16],"However,":[17],"limitations":[18,41],"inherent":[19],"to":[20,53,61,93,134,147,232,242,252,254],"WSNs,":[21,48],"such":[22,199],"as":[23,200],"low-power":[24],"sensor":[25,243,273],"units,":[26],"communication":[27],"constraints,":[28],"limited":[30,238],"processing":[31],"capabilities,":[32],"can":[33,67,227],"significantly":[34],"impact":[35],"their":[36],"lifespan.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"these":[40,70],"enhance":[43],"the":[44,82,95,121,142,237,255,269],"energy":[45,73,181,185,218,229,239],"efficiency":[46],"of":[47,84,144,214,236,248,257,272],"it":[49],"is":[50,118,251],"often":[51],"necessary":[52],"divide":[54],"sensors":[55],"into":[56],"clusters":[57],"establish":[59],"routing":[60,112,224,267],"conserve":[62],"energy.":[63],"Machine":[64,97],"learning":[65,86,263],"algorithms":[66,198,264],"potentially":[68],"automate":[69],"processes,":[71],"minimizing":[72],"consumption":[74],"extending":[76],"network":[77,215],"lifetime.":[78],"This":[79,106],"research":[80,250],"investigates":[81],"application":[83],"machine":[85,262],"algorithms,":[87],"specifically":[88],"Q-learning":[89],"K-means":[91],"clustering,":[92],"propose":[94],"Energy-Efficient":[96],"Learning-based":[98],"Clustering":[99],"Routing":[101],"(EEMLCR)":[102],"method":[103,107,117,206],"WSNs.":[105],"facilitates":[108],"cluster":[109],"formation":[110],"path":[113],"selection.":[114],"The":[115,245],"proposed":[116],"compared":[119,146,193],"with":[120,195],"well-established":[122],"LEACH":[123,130,133,148,154],"algorithm":[124],"two":[126],"multi-hop":[127,151],"variants,":[128],"DMHT":[129],"EDMHT":[132,156],"validate":[135],"its":[136,150],"effectiveness.":[137],"Our":[138],"experimental":[139],"results":[140],"demonstrate":[141],"effectiveness":[143],"EEMLCR":[145,166,194],"variants":[152],"(DMHT":[153],"LEACH).":[157],"After":[158],"600":[159],"rounds":[160],"in":[161,170,212],"networks":[162],"comprising":[163],"400":[164],"nodes,":[165,178],"showed":[167],"significant":[168],"improvements":[169],"key":[171],"performance":[172,211],"metrics.":[173],"These":[174],"include":[175],"increased":[176],"alive":[177],"reduced":[179],"average":[180],"consumption,":[182,230],"higher":[183],"remaining":[184],"levels,":[186],"improved":[188],"packet":[189],"reception.":[190],"Additionally,":[191],"we":[192],"recent":[196],"state-of-the-art":[197],"EECDA":[201],"CMML,":[203],"where":[204],"our":[205],"demonstrated":[207],"comparable":[208],"or":[209],"superior":[210],"terms":[213],"lifetime":[216],"efficiency.":[219],"By":[220],"optimizing":[221],"clustering":[222],"strategies,":[225],"WSNs":[226,259],"reduce":[228],"leading":[231],"more":[233],"efficient":[234],"utilization":[235],"resources":[240],"available":[241],"nodes.":[244,274],"primary":[246],"objective":[247],"this":[249],"contribute":[253],"development":[256],"energy-efficient":[258],"by":[260],"leveraging":[261],"cluster-based":[270],"organization":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
