{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409222877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3558621","title":"Deep Learning Approaches for Morphological Classification of Intestinal Organoids","display_name":"Deep Learning Approaches for Morphological Classification of Intestinal Organoids","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409222877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3558621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3558621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3558621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3558621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031565940","display_name":"Giovanni Cicceri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-2215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Cicceri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-2215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078707861","display_name":"Sebastiano Di Bella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7161-303X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastiano Di Bella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7161-303X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017380683","display_name":"Simone Di Franco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-2161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Di Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-2161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067317332","display_name":"Giorgio Stassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-9059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Stassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (MePreCC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049436555","display_name":"Matilde Todaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-8043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110360","display_name":"Department of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/025yj9w07","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800374234","https://openalex.org/I4210110360"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139084","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/04fz79c74","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["AR","ES","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matilde Todaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Internal Medicine, and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Internal Medicine, and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110360","https://openalex.org/I4210139084","https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016477001","display_name":"Salvatore Vitabile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-8551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Vitabile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-8551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.5758,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96271609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"62267","last_page":"62287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organoid","display_name":"Organoid","score":0.7873671650886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7294981479644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49903154373168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.16607066988945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.15809714794158936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31695470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11293125","display_name":"Organoid","level":2,"score":0.7873671650886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7294981479644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49903154373168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16607066988945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.15809714794158936}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3558621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3558621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:692f8421f40c4232a1fb3a328ddb8b25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/692f8421f40c4232a1fb3a328ddb8b25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 62267-62287 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unipa.it:10447/677683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10447/677683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401065","display_name":"Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3558621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3558621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7682710528","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B73C22001250006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386439204","https://openalex.org/W4401794395","https://openalex.org/W3133804457","https://openalex.org/W3033121461","https://openalex.org/W3094248195","https://openalex.org/W2811397904","https://openalex.org/W3047600752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Organoids,":[0],"derived":[1],"from":[2],"primary":[3],"donor":[4],"or":[5],"stem":[6],"cells,":[7],"closely":[8],"replicate":[9],"the":[10,39,88,110,124,164,177,217,225,237,243,251,258,265],"composition":[11],"and":[12,35,57,79,85,109,137,189,200,205],"function":[13],"of":[14,41,65,82,90,127,180,198,253,260,267],"their":[15],"<italic":[16],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[17],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in":[18],"vivo</i>":[19],"counterparts.":[20],"This":[21],"quality":[22],"makes":[23],"them":[24],"a":[25,51,119,144],"reliable":[26],"model":[27,167,239],"for":[28,123,141,168,273],"validating":[29],"hypotheses":[30],"on":[31],"disease-related":[32],"biological":[33],"processes":[34],"mechanisms.":[36],"To":[37],"date,":[38],"classification":[40,126,262],"organoids":[42],"is":[43,54,157],"performed":[44,207],"manually":[45],"by":[46],"microscope":[47],"and,":[48],"therefore,":[49],"in":[50,69,162,185,256],"data-driven":[52],"application,":[53],"time-consuming,":[55],"inaccurate,":[56],"difficult":[58],"to":[59,75,148,159],"morphological":[60,125],"analysis":[61,72],"process.":[62],"The":[63,153,248],"use":[64],"deep":[66],"learning":[67],"(DL)":[68],"organoid":[70,170,186,261],"image":[71,92,150],"becomes":[73],"crucial":[74],"handle":[76],"complexity,":[77],"variability,":[78],"large":[80],"amounts":[81],"data":[83],"efficiently":[84],"accurately,":[86],"overcoming":[87],"limitations":[89],"traditional":[91,131],"processing":[93,151,169],"approaches.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"five":[98],"CNN-based":[99],"DL":[100,219,254],"models":[101,255],"such":[102,134],"as":[103,135],"MobileNet,":[104,236],"DenseNet,":[105],"ResNet,":[106],"Inception,":[107],"VGG,":[108],"very":[111],"recent":[112],"Vision":[113],"Transformers":[114],"(ViT)":[115],"were":[116,139],"analyzed":[117],"using":[118,143],"publicly":[120],"available":[121],"dataset":[122],"intestinal":[128],"organoids.":[129],"Additionally,":[130],"ML":[132],"models,":[133,174],"SVM":[136,204],"RF,":[138],"tested":[140],"comparison":[142],"feature":[145],"set":[146],"similar":[147],"conventional":[149],"tools.":[152],"systematic":[154],"performance":[155,269],"evaluation":[156],"designed":[158],"guide":[160],"users":[161],"choosing":[163],"most":[165],"suitable":[166],"images.":[171],"Among":[172],"all":[173],"ViT":[175,223],"achieved":[176],"highest":[178,226],"accuracy":[179,196,212,227,259],"86.95%,":[181],"demonstrating":[182],"its":[183],"effectiveness":[184],"classification.":[187],"Inception":[188],"DenseNet":[190],"also":[191],"exhibited":[192],"strong":[193],"performance,":[194],"with":[195,270],"values":[197],"86.10%":[199],"86.47%,":[201],"respectively.":[202],"Rather,":[203],"RF":[206],"significantly":[208],"worse,":[209],"showing":[210],"an":[211],"approximately":[213],"20%":[214],"lower":[215],"than":[216],"selected":[218],"models.":[220],"Considering":[221],"efficiency,":[222],"had":[224,242],"but":[228],"required":[229],"more":[230],"resources":[231],"(0.0437s/image,":[232],"343":[233],"MB),":[234,241],"while":[235,263],"lightest":[238],"(35.6":[240],"fastest":[244],"inference":[245],"time":[246],"(0.0063s/image).":[247],"findings":[249],"highlight":[250],"potential":[252],"enhancing":[257],"emphasizing":[264],"importance":[266],"balancing":[268],"computational":[271],"efficiency":[272],"real-time":[274],"applications.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-04-07T00:00:00"}
