{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409153671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3557959","title":"Multi-Stage Deep Learning for Intrusion Detection in Industrial Internet of Things","display_name":"Multi-Stage Deep Learning for Intrusion Detection in Industrial Internet of Things","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409153671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3557959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3557959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3557959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3557959","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057364146","display_name":"Segun I. Popoola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-5903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51216347","display_name":"Anglia Ruskin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0009t4v78","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Segun I. Popoola","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K","School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082383093","display_name":"Yakubu Tsado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-2200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yakubu Tsado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116924911","display_name":"Abimbola A. Ogunjinmi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106879","display_name":"Ohio University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jr3y717","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abimbola A. Ogunjinmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Emerging Communication Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA","School of Emerging Communication Technology, Ohio University, Ohio, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Emerging Communication Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Emerging Communication Technology, Ohio University, Ohio, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101787803","display_name":"Erika Sanchez-Velazquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1167-5316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51216347","display_name":"Anglia Ruskin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0009t4v78","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Sanchez-Velazquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K","School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023330203","display_name":"Yonghong Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-1819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51216347","display_name":"Anglia Ruskin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0009t4v78","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K","School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046343080","display_name":"Danda B. Rawat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danda B. Rawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057364146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":28.9498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99640861,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"60532","last_page":"60555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9099000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7576795220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6561542749404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6334004998207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.5817470550537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49136772751808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.47076132893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-internet","display_name":"Industrial Internet","score":0.4694138467311859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4293001592159271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35849297046661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19048640131950378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10114508867263794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7576795220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6561542749404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6334004998207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5817470550537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49136772751808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.47076132893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202839342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740481","display_name":"Industrial Internet","level":3,"score":0.4694138467311859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4293001592159271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35849297046661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19048640131950378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10114508867263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3557959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3557959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:639480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-5903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1229086b1dfc4cb6997bbf0242eb7465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1229086b1dfc4cb6997bbf0242eb7465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 60532-60555 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/28723181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3557959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3557959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6176312588","display_name":"Secure, Privacy-Preserving, and Intelligent Intrusion Detection System for Industrial Internet of Things (SPIDS4IIoT)","funder_award_id":"10118855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","funder_display_name":"Innovate UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W3085854806","https://openalex.org/W3095531713","https://openalex.org/W3120609170","https://openalex.org/W3159151987","https://openalex.org/W3159936276","https://openalex.org/W3163848339","https://openalex.org/W3174174440","https://openalex.org/W3191884578","https://openalex.org/W4224126807","https://openalex.org/W4285128558","https://openalex.org/W4285732709","https://openalex.org/W4293731890","https://openalex.org/W4306760877","https://openalex.org/W4310153191","https://openalex.org/W4321240473","https://openalex.org/W4384835155","https://openalex.org/W4388102729","https://openalex.org/W4388782207","https://openalex.org/W4388821267","https://openalex.org/W4389633842","https://openalex.org/W4389934412","https://openalex.org/W4390204156","https://openalex.org/W4391132011","https://openalex.org/W4391454421","https://openalex.org/W4391733508","https://openalex.org/W4391872613","https://openalex.org/W4393064041","https://openalex.org/W4393864808","https://openalex.org/W4395084645","https://openalex.org/W4396574823","https://openalex.org/W4396760747","https://openalex.org/W4396841887","https://openalex.org/W4396938916","https://openalex.org/W4398197622","https://openalex.org/W4398255288","https://openalex.org/W4399367790","https://openalex.org/W4400488049","https://openalex.org/W4400770731","https://openalex.org/W4402449764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W3212933010","https://openalex.org/W4390610562","https://openalex.org/W4400212587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77],"Industrial":[1],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,79,91,101,112,157,208,223,233],"Things":[4],"(IIoT)":[5],"facilitates":[6],"enhanced":[7],"automation,":[8],"predictive":[9],"maintenance,":[10],"real-time":[11],"monitoring,":[12],"and":[13,24,32,118,166,187,221],"data":[14,85],"analytics":[15],"across":[16],"various":[17],"sectors,":[18],"including":[19],"manufacturing,":[20],"energy,":[21],"transportation,":[22],"agriculture,":[23],"supply":[25],"chain":[26],"management,":[27],"thereby":[28],"improving":[29],"productivity,":[30],"efficiency,":[31],"operational":[33,125],"safety.":[34],"However,":[35],"as":[36,115,182,184],"IIoT":[37,65,113,145,224],"networks":[38,146],"continue":[39],"to":[40,45,96,109,123,140,216],"expand,":[41],"it":[42],"is":[43,214],"imperative":[44],"secure":[46],"them":[47],"against":[48,229],"increasingly":[49],"sophisticated":[50],"cyber":[51,234],"threats.":[52],"Deep":[53],"Learning":[54],"(DL)":[55],"techniques":[56],"have":[57],"been":[58],"extensively":[59],"utilized":[60],"for":[61,211],"intrusion":[62,142,212],"detection":[63,143,213],"within":[64,144],"systems.":[66],"Nevertheless,":[67],"addressing":[68,148],"the":[69,89,110,149,155,173,178,191,206,209,218],"class":[70,150],"imbalance":[71,151],"problem":[72],"remains":[73],"a":[74,132,230],"significant":[75,195],"challenge.":[76],"underrepresentation":[78],"certain":[80],"attack":[81],"types":[82],"in":[83,88,197,236],"training":[84],"frequently":[86,203],"results":[87],"development":[90],"DL":[92,180],"models":[93,181],"that":[94,172,201],"struggle":[95],"accurately":[97],"detect":[98],"these":[99],"categories":[100],"malicious":[102],"activities.":[103],"This":[104],"limitation":[105],"represents":[106],"considerable":[107],"risks":[108],"security":[111,220],"networks,":[114],"undetected":[116],"attacks":[117,200],"false":[119],"alarms":[120],"may":[121],"lead":[122],"severe":[124],"disruptions.":[126],"In":[127],"this":[128],"paper,":[129],"we":[130],"propose":[131],"multi-stage":[133],"deep":[134],"learning":[135],"(MSDL)":[136],"method":[137,176,193],"specifically":[138],"designed":[139],"enhance":[141],"by":[147],"issue.":[152],"We":[153],"assessed":[154],"effectiveness":[156],"our":[158],"approach":[159],"utilizing":[160],"two":[161],"highly":[162],"imbalanced":[163],"datasets:":[164],"X-IIoTID":[165],"WUSTL-IIoT.":[167],"Our":[168],"experimental":[169],"findings":[170],"indicate":[171],"proposed":[174],"MSDL":[175,192,210],"surpasses":[177],"baseline":[179],"well":[183],"state-of-the-art":[185],"oversampling":[186],"undersampling":[188],"techniques.":[189],"Specifically,":[190],"exhibits":[194],"improvements":[196],"recognizing":[198],"minority-class":[199],"are":[202],"misclassified.":[204],"Consequently,":[205],"implementation":[207],"anticipated":[215],"strengthen":[217],"overall":[219],"resilience":[222],"systems,":[225],"providing":[226],"stronger":[227],"protection":[228],"diverse":[231],"array":[232],"threats":[235],"industrial":[237],"applications.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
