{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408915609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555478","title":"Performance Evaluation of ns-3 Real-Time Emulation","display_name":"Performance Evaluation of ns-3 Real-Time Emulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408915609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555478","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092820521","display_name":"Martin Ottens","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Ottens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4257-0087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041765510","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Deutschmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6216-6087"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Deutschmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6216-6087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069787228","display_name":"Kai-Steffen Hielscher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2051-0660"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Steffen Hielscher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2051-0660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102836787","display_name":"Reinhard German","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-4802"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reinhard German","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-4802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Networks and Communication Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092820521"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.1766,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91992627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"59544","last_page":"59559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.8723000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.8723000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.7799000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.7336999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.8506428003311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7346103191375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35161998867988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33961308002471924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.8506428003311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7346103191375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35161998867988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33961308002471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb722410c1d045a781add4682986f0ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb722410c1d045a781add4682986f0ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 59544-59559 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990361515","https://openalex.org/W2088678166","https://openalex.org/W2090867970","https://openalex.org/W2140361673","https://openalex.org/W2282741826","https://openalex.org/W2398086342","https://openalex.org/W2951610760","https://openalex.org/W3003715588","https://openalex.org/W3005228016","https://openalex.org/W3044512636","https://openalex.org/W4226492640","https://openalex.org/W4231480195","https://openalex.org/W6743105379","https://openalex.org/W6809974437","https://openalex.org/W6963801524"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2154523322","https://openalex.org/W2083200807","https://openalex.org/W1603137082","https://openalex.org/W2364195017","https://openalex.org/W2355430452","https://openalex.org/W1951195060","https://openalex.org/W2133965417"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,166],"its":[1],"real-time":[2,66,81],"mode":[3],"and":[4,56,94,114,129,163,170,184,197,215],"tap-bridges,":[5],"the":[6,11,27,32,40,62,91,95,98,104,122,132,158,186,203,221,231],"network":[7,28,57,127,168],"simulator":[8,133],"ns-3":[9,25,70,212],"offers":[10],"possibility":[12],"to":[13,34,48,71,78,90],"integrate":[14],"real":[15],"applications":[16,55,130],"or":[17],"even":[18],"hardware":[19],"into":[20],"a":[21,49,136,145,173,227],"testbed":[22],"in":[23,61,80,85,135,219],"which":[24,83],"emulates":[26],"topology.":[29,100],"This":[30,101],"eliminates":[31],"need":[33],"develop":[35],"separate":[36],"simulation":[37,63,148,232],"models":[38],"for":[39,230],"applications.":[41],"However,":[42],"there":[43],"are":[44,142],"several":[45],"differences":[46],"compared":[47,143],"model-based":[50,112,147],"discrete":[51],"event":[52],"simulation,":[53],"where":[54],"topology":[58],"run":[59,79],"together":[60],"process":[64],"without":[65],"constraints.":[67],"When":[68],"using":[69,210],"build":[72,213],"an":[73],"emulation":[74,116,138,191],"environment,":[75],"it":[76],"needs":[77],"mode,":[82],"results":[84],"considerable":[86],"limitations":[87],"with":[88,144,181],"regard":[89],"achievable":[92,204],"throughput":[93,134,188,205,225],"complexity":[96],"of":[97,124,152,160,189,223],"simulated":[99],"paper":[102],"compares":[103],"performance":[105,151],"that":[106,202],"researchers":[107],"can":[108,176,206],"expect":[109],"from":[110],"pure":[111,146],"simulations":[113],"ns-3-based":[115],"environments.":[117],"For":[118],"this,":[119],"we":[120],"evaluate":[121],"impact":[123,222],"differently":[125],"complex":[126,167],"topologies":[128,169,183],"on":[131],"minimal":[137],"setup.":[139,149],"All":[140],"measurements":[141],"The":[150],"our":[153,190],"setup":[154,192],"is":[155,193],"measured":[156,187],"by":[157,209],"number":[159],"possible":[161],"TCP":[162],"UDP":[164],"flows.":[165],"applications,":[171,185],"only":[172],"few":[174],"flows":[175],"be":[177,207],"handled.":[178],"In":[179],"contrast,":[180],"simple":[182],"between":[194],"14":[195],"Mbps":[196],"120":[198],"Mbps.":[199],"We":[200],"demonstrate":[201],"increased":[208],"optimized":[211],"profiles":[214],"modern":[216],"CPUs,":[217],"highlighting,":[218],"particular,":[220],"packet":[224],"as":[226],"limiting":[228],"factor":[229],"process.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
