{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408860317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555197","title":"A Mechatronic Shape-Shifting Reflector System With True Independent Reflection Magnitude and Phase Control for Dynamic Beamforming","display_name":"A Mechatronic Shape-Shifting Reflector System With True Independent Reflection Magnitude and Phase Control for Dynamic Beamforming","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408860317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555197","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058412831","display_name":"Keigan MacDonell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2272-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keigan Macdonell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2272-845X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104469674","display_name":"Debidas Kundu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4377-2057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debidas Kundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022911680","display_name":"Shulabh Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-9474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shulabh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-9474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"65301","last_page":"65315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11870","display_name":"Structural Analysis and Optimization","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflector","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","score":0.7514925599098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnitude","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","score":0.7150703072547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.6631554961204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5804927945137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5235595107078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.49250301718711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-control","display_name":"Phase control","score":0.4438784420490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43034279346466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechatronics","display_name":"Mechatronics","score":0.42806389927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.349563330411911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.34443098306655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.24064704775810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.129797101020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08992594480514526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823435","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","level":3,"score":0.7514925599098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.7150703072547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6631554961204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5804927945137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5235595107078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.49250301718711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989430983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752602","display_name":"Phase control","level":3,"score":0.4438784420490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43034279346466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28704281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180165","display_name":"Mechatronics","level":2,"score":0.42806389927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.349563330411911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.34443098306655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.24064704775810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.129797101020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08992594480514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982854487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128","display_name":"Light source","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:371bafb2d84f4603aa3f2b6669f74427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/371bafb2d84f4603aa3f2b6669f74427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 65301-65315 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655359376","https://openalex.org/W2026272924","https://openalex.org/W2061338196","https://openalex.org/W2063253531","https://openalex.org/W2066282439","https://openalex.org/W2103496909","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2118761136","https://openalex.org/W2121607567","https://openalex.org/W2141620815","https://openalex.org/W2152463001","https://openalex.org/W2154573406","https://openalex.org/W2303856000","https://openalex.org/W2313379192","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2478157570","https://openalex.org/W2524701924","https://openalex.org/W2623906780","https://openalex.org/W2790298675","https://openalex.org/W2792717536","https://openalex.org/W2887573665","https://openalex.org/W2888215229","https://openalex.org/W2916578118","https://openalex.org/W2923449046","https://openalex.org/W2949231405","https://openalex.org/W2966833966","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2990193244","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3113108189","https://openalex.org/W3186319687","https://openalex.org/W3191748553","https://openalex.org/W3214850674","https://openalex.org/W3216131442","https://openalex.org/W4226022103","https://openalex.org/W4283014479","https://openalex.org/W4285202767","https://openalex.org/W4293192912","https://openalex.org/W4296911016","https://openalex.org/W4312533398","https://openalex.org/W4312589467","https://openalex.org/W4313182248","https://openalex.org/W4318046442","https://openalex.org/W4319459094","https://openalex.org/W4319997961","https://openalex.org/W4366783398","https://openalex.org/W4383222818","https://openalex.org/W4387790190","https://openalex.org/W4388505300","https://openalex.org/W4388740195","https://openalex.org/W4388819659","https://openalex.org/W4389192140","https://openalex.org/W4390692078","https://openalex.org/W4390692437","https://openalex.org/W4400877660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2913189039","https://openalex.org/W1889691171","https://openalex.org/W613097443","https://openalex.org/W2888778368","https://openalex.org/W4236890452","https://openalex.org/W2484273923","https://openalex.org/W1991400806","https://openalex.org/W1717190054","https://openalex.org/W2165699940","https://openalex.org/W2075474585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,64],"novel":[1],"shape-shifting":[2],"mechatronic":[3],"reflector":[4,19,81,118],"system":[5,20,66,119],"is":[6,68,120],"proposed":[7,117],"and":[8,42,62,95,100,108,134,161],"demonstrated":[9,123],"experimentally":[10,122],"with":[11,35,131],"a":[12,23,43,71,84,89,96,151],"variety":[13],"of":[14,22,26,28,115,127,137],"real-time":[15,112],"beam-forming":[16,113],"examples.":[17],"The":[18,111],"consists":[21],"1D":[24],"array":[25,46,78,87],"panels":[27],"sub-wavelength":[29],"split":[30],"ring":[31],"resonators":[32],"(SRR)":[33],"loaded":[34],"PIN":[36,105],"diodes":[37],"for":[38,104],"reflection":[39,159],"magnitude":[40,61],"control":[41,133],"stepper":[44,85],"motor":[45,86,109],"that":[47],"de-embeds":[48],"each":[49],"panel":[50],"to":[51],"achieve":[52],"column-by-column":[53],"phase":[54],"control,":[55],"thus":[56],"offering":[57],"excellent":[58],"decoupling":[59,157],"between":[60,158],"phase.":[63],"complete":[65],"prototype":[67],"built":[69],"including":[70],"printed":[72],"circuit":[73],"board":[74],"(PCB)":[75],"based":[76],"resonator":[77],"forming":[79],"the":[80,116,135,144],"front":[82],"end,":[83],"assembly,":[88],"custom-built":[90],"chassis":[91],"using":[92,124],"3D-printed":[93],"parts,":[94],"fully":[97],"programmable":[98],"analog":[99],"digital":[101],"electronic":[102],"back-end":[103],"diode":[106],"biasing":[107],"control.":[110],"feature":[114],"further":[121],"illustrative":[125],"examples":[126],"single":[128],"beam":[129,140],"steering":[130],"gain":[132],"generation":[136],"asymmetric":[138],"dual":[139],"radiation":[141],"patterns":[142],"where":[143],"two":[145],"beams":[146],"are":[147],"independently":[148],"controlled":[149],"-":[150],"capability":[152],"unlocked":[153],"through":[154],"achieving":[155],"true":[156],"magnitudes":[160],"phases.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}