{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408860235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555176","title":"A Review of Machine Learning Approaches for Non-Invasive Cognitive Impairment Detection","display_name":"A Review of Machine Learning Approaches for Non-Invasive Cognitive Impairment Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408860235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555176","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092727635","display_name":"Muath Alsuhaibani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5164-012X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muath Alsuhaibani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5164-012X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008504935","display_name":"Ali Pourramezan Fard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3807-0798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Pourramezan Fard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3807-0798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020774311","display_name":"Jian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9367-0892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9367-0892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093579777","display_name":"Farida Far Poor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farida Far Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8290-0515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103099897","display_name":"Peter Pressman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-1286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165690674","display_name":"Oregon Health & Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/009avj582","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter S. Pressman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Layton Healthy Aging and Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease Research Center, Oregon Health &#x0026; Science University, Portland, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Layton Healthy Aging and Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease Research Center, Oregon Health &#x0026; Science University, Portland, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041948053","display_name":"Mohammad H. Mahoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-4660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad H. Mahoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-4660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092727635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.106,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97127342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"56355","last_page":"56384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.6488000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.6488000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7186780571937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","score":0.6586542129516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47000011801719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4492932856082916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43852806091308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1308620572090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.0919085443019867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7186780571937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.6586542129516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47000011801719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4492932856082916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43852806091308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1308620572090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0919085443019867}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:449e1313f05245bcbd7bbddbd55ba7d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/449e1313f05245bcbd7bbddbd55ba7d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 56355-56384 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3555176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3555176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296600085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2025/R/1446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","funder_display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318538","display_name":"Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade","ror":"https://ror.org/00fpx3104"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981552604","https://openalex.org/W2022641202","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067975928","https://openalex.org/W2073906214","https://openalex.org/W2074037951","https://openalex.org/W2085662862","https://openalex.org/W2087575310","https://openalex.org/W2107397923","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2121282288","https://openalex.org/W2137554996","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2165758561","https://openalex.org/W2170517798","https://openalex.org/W2191779130","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2239141610","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2408491073","https://openalex.org/W2481166219","https://openalex.org/W2487084785","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2526050071","https://openalex.org/W2623385366","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2752287204","https://openalex.org/W2795210288","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2885570862","https://openalex.org/W2890094870","https://openalex.org/W2890964092","https://openalex.org/W2893673238","https://openalex.org/W2910705748","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2939515132","https://openalex.org/W2940829132","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964295436","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2972932001","https://openalex.org/W2979337173","https://openalex.org/W2990185678","https://openalex.org/W3011727199","https://openalex.org/W3013997414","https://openalex.org/W3045362484","https://openalex.org/W3050290117","https://openalex.org/W3093156138","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3094848124","https://openalex.org/W3094909210","https://openalex.org/W3095123821","https://openalex.org/W3095395418","https://openalex.org/W3096159073","https://openalex.org/W3096609969","https://openalex.org/W3096919670","https://openalex.org/W3097109903","https://openalex.org/W3097641059","https://openalex.org/W3097779478","https://openalex.org/W3107335993","https://openalex.org/W3114793870","https://openalex.org/W3116250535","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3125401821","https://openalex.org/W3128293209","https://openalex.org/W3129165846","https://openalex.org/W3129595226","https://openalex.org/W3131203259","https://openalex.org/W3132183957","https://openalex.org/W3133894893","https://openalex.org/W3133909080","https://openalex.org/W3136937237","https://openalex.org/W3145157056","https://openalex.org/W3154143698","https://openalex.org/W3154733264","https://openalex.org/W3157651102","https://openalex.org/W3159035982","https://openalex.org/W3159799042","https://openalex.org/W3161417069","https://openalex.org/W3161839756","https://openalex.org/W3163800417","https://openalex.org/W3173926131","https://openalex.org/W3183413007","https://openalex.org/W3195712307","https://openalex.org/W3197051898","https://openalex.org/W3197368257","https://openalex.org/W3198116506","https://openalex.org/W3198521429","https://openalex.org/W3198786495","https://openalex.org/W3198901578","https://openalex.org/W3201447839","https://openalex.org/W3201533191","https://openalex.org/W3205171606","https://openalex.org/W3207575630","https://openalex.org/W3208158979","https://openalex.org/W3209711513","https://openalex.org/W3212684309","https://openalex.org/W3213506761","https://openalex.org/W3215880834","https://openalex.org/W4200244908","https://openalex.org/W4205129197","https://openalex.org/W4210620421","https://openalex.org/W4214919489","https://openalex.org/W4214934944","https://openalex.org/W4220894946","https://openalex.org/W4221110627","https://openalex.org/W4224068866","https://openalex.org/W4233250549","https://openalex.org/W4242014404","https://openalex.org/W4281730963","https://openalex.org/W4283770208","https://openalex.org/W4285112827","https://openalex.org/W4292572504","https://openalex.org/W4294631187","https://openalex.org/W4309344497","https://openalex.org/W4310386991","https://openalex.org/W4311059915","https://openalex.org/W4312771523","https://openalex.org/W4319939179","https://openalex.org/W4324135233","https://openalex.org/W4360591479","https://openalex.org/W4361298490","https://openalex.org/W4364302366","https://openalex.org/W4366828958","https://openalex.org/W4372260155","https://openalex.org/W4378603630","https://openalex.org/W4379193822","https://openalex.org/W4383112908","https://openalex.org/W4384563398","https://openalex.org/W4384933469","https://openalex.org/W4385067671","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385337322","https://openalex.org/W4386480567","https://openalex.org/W4386868860","https://openalex.org/W4387339705","https://openalex.org/W4388478890","https://openalex.org/W4389444253","https://openalex.org/W4389986388","https://openalex.org/W4396759088","https://openalex.org/W4396814667","https://openalex.org/W4396888941","https://openalex.org/W4402886209","https://openalex.org/W4402921971","https://openalex.org/W4405489867","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6747395325","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6764045775","https://openalex.org/W6765494785","https://openalex.org/W6766481131","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6771917389","https://openalex.org/W6778253309","https://openalex.org/W6780218876","https://openalex.org/W6780390117","https://openalex.org/W6782134535","https://openalex.org/W6786260996","https://openalex.org/W6801751227","https://openalex.org/W6823587825","https://openalex.org/W6849574066","https://openalex.org/W6850472586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1,205],"paper":[2,38,55],"explores":[3],"recent":[4],"advances":[5],"in":[6,193],"machine":[7],"learning":[8,14,64,138],"approaches":[9],"with":[10,130],"emphasis":[11],"on":[12,124],"deep":[13,63,212],"techniques":[15],"for":[16,113,150],"non-invasive":[17,24],"cognitive":[18,27,68,214],"impairment":[19,69,215],"detection.":[20],"We":[21,71],"examine":[22],"various":[23],"indicators":[25],"of":[26,42,76,211],"decline,":[28],"including":[29,159],"speech":[30,84,182],"and":[31,34,47,81,85,97,139,146,162,169,189,200,222],"language,":[32],"facial,":[33],"motoric":[35],"mobility.":[36],"The":[37,54],"provides":[39],"an":[40],"overview":[41],"relevant":[43],"datasets,":[44],"feature-extracting":[45],"techniques,":[46,148],"deep-learning":[48],"architectures":[49],"applied":[50],"to":[51,66,101,207,218],"this":[52,204],"domain.":[53],"comprises":[56],"60":[57],"peer-reviewed":[58],"papers":[59,122],"that":[60,83],"mainly":[61],"utilize":[62],"models":[65,142],"detect":[67],"conditions.":[70],"have":[72],"analyzed":[73],"the":[74,90],"performance":[75],"different":[77],"methods":[78,87,110],"across":[79],"modalities":[80,115],"observed":[82],"language-based":[86],"generally":[88],"achieved":[89],"highest":[91],"detection":[92,216],"performance.":[93],"Studies":[94],"combining":[95],"acoustic":[96],"linguistic":[98,151],"features":[99],"tended":[100],"outperform":[102],"those":[103],"using":[104],"a":[105],"single":[106],"modality.":[107],"Facial":[108],"analysis":[109,167,183],"showed":[111],"promise":[112],"visual":[114],"but":[116],"were":[117],"less":[118],"extensively":[119],"studied.":[120],"Most":[121],"focused":[123],"binary":[125],"classification":[126],"(impaired":[127],"vs.":[128],"non-impaired),":[129],"fewer":[131],"addressing":[132,190],"multi-class":[133],"or":[134],"regression":[135],"tasks.":[136],"Transfer":[137],"pre-trained":[140],"language":[141],"emerged":[143],"as":[144,179],"popular":[145],"effective":[147],"especially":[149],"analysis.":[152],"Despite":[153],"significant":[154],"progress,":[155],"several":[156],"challenges":[157],"remain,":[158],"data":[160],"standardization":[161],"accessibility,":[163],"model":[164],"explainability,":[165],"longitudinal":[166],"limitations,":[168],"clinical":[170],"adaptation.":[171],"Lastly,":[172],"we":[173],"propose":[174],"future":[175],"research":[176],"directions,":[177],"such":[178],"investigating":[180],"language-agnostic":[181],"methods,":[184],"developing":[185],"multi-modal":[186],"diagnostic":[187],"systems,":[188],"ethical":[191],"considerations":[192],"AI-assisted":[194],"healthcare.":[195],"By":[196],"synthesizing":[197],"current":[198],"trends":[199],"identifying":[201],"key":[202],"obstacles,":[203],"aims":[206],"guide":[208],"further":[209],"development":[210],"learning-based":[213],"systems":[217],"improve":[219],"early":[220],"diagnosis":[221],"ultimately":[223],"patient":[224],"outcomes.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-03-27T00:00:00"}
