{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408858358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554598","title":"Improving Hydroponic Systems by Using ARUCO Markers for Leaf Detection: Focus on Tomato Plants","display_name":"Improving Hydroponic Systems by Using ARUCO Markers for Leaf Detection: Focus on Tomato Plants","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408858358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554598","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114819973","display_name":"P. Tharun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Tharun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6108-3968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048983544","display_name":"S. Muthulakshmi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Muthulakshmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-2802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063334541","display_name":"N. Subhashini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Subhashini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-9088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"P. Vishnuram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0923-6499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Vishnuram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0923-6499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R. Kesavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1150-0740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Kesavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1150-0740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03569123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"55512","last_page":"55523"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.8111000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.8111000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.8101000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7240650057792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6284933686256409}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7240650057792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6284933686256409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c0b0cd8dc71e4ddfb4f12395d757a8ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c0b0cd8dc71e4ddfb4f12395d757a8ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 55512-55523 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183476004","https://openalex.org/W2007795723","https://openalex.org/W2010210767","https://openalex.org/W2171880126","https://openalex.org/W2591431291","https://openalex.org/W2791498329","https://openalex.org/W2793531591","https://openalex.org/W2921992252","https://openalex.org/W2922351832","https://openalex.org/W2963015060","https://openalex.org/W3080465710","https://openalex.org/W3115026278","https://openalex.org/W3122964541","https://openalex.org/W3142759489","https://openalex.org/W3176819527","https://openalex.org/W3197034949","https://openalex.org/W4206186104","https://openalex.org/W4210422027","https://openalex.org/W4285004746","https://openalex.org/W4377701437","https://openalex.org/W4386128914","https://openalex.org/W4387026569","https://openalex.org/W4388726616","https://openalex.org/W4388777774","https://openalex.org/W4405601613","https://openalex.org/W6771882258","https://openalex.org/W6782063780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,12,20,33,67,80,123,170,203,220,246,252,269],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"overpopulation":[5],"has":[6],"become":[7],"a":[8,45,54,59,85,115,159,207,261],"major":[9],"issue,":[10],"raising":[11],"demand":[13],"for":[14,30,37,47,87,181,239],"basic":[15],"agricultural":[16],"necessities.":[17],"Even":[18],"with":[19],"introduction":[21],"of":[22,174,202,209,222,251],"closed-environment":[23],"systems":[24,39,176],"aiming":[25],"to":[26,51,65,119,191,218,244,263],"provide":[27],"an":[28],"alternative":[29],"space":[31],"requirements,":[32],"initial":[34,171],"setup":[35,172],"costs":[36,173],"such":[38,129],"are":[40,199,237],"high,":[41],"which":[42,82],"serves":[43,259],"as":[44,84,130,260],"barrier":[46],"farmers":[48,183],"and":[49,92,138,146,157,227,242,249],"industries":[50],"set":[52],"up":[53],"profitable":[55],"system.":[56],"Hydroponics":[57],"is":[58],"soil-less":[60],"cultivation":[61],"method":[62,262],"that":[63,100,162,197],"aims":[64,190],"replace":[66],"soil":[68,96,167],"in":[69,114,224,231],"agriculture.":[70],"In":[71],"traditional":[72],"soil-based":[73],"agriculture,":[74],"plants":[75,194],"obtain":[76],"their":[77],"nutrients":[78],"from":[79,268],"soil,":[81,152],"acts":[83],"reservoir":[86],"essential":[88],"minerals,":[89],"physical":[90],"support,":[91],"water":[93,121,124,131],"retention.":[94],"However,":[95,169],"contains":[97],"undesirable":[98],"components":[99],"reduce":[101],"plant":[102,107],"growth":[103,221],"efficiency":[104],"by":[105,150,254],"absorbing":[106],"nutrients.":[108],"This":[109,187,258],"makes":[110],"it":[111],"unpredictable,":[112],"even":[113],"controlled":[116],"environment.":[117,270],"Compared":[118],"its":[120,166],"counterpart,":[122],"medium":[125],"provides":[126],"numerous":[127],"advantages,":[128],"conservation,":[132],"efficient":[133],"nutrient":[134],"delivery,":[135],"reduced":[136,143],"pest":[137],"disease":[139],"risk,":[140],"faster":[141],"growth,":[142],"environmental":[144,229],"impact,":[145],"much":[147],"more.":[148],"Hence,":[149],"eliminating":[151],"this":[153],"work":[154,189],"eliminates":[155],"unpredictability":[156],"creates":[158],"better-controlled":[160],"environment":[161],"performs":[163],"better":[164],"than":[165],"counterpart.":[168],"hydroponic":[175],"can":[177],"often":[178],"be":[179],"prohibitive":[180],"small-scale":[182],"or":[184],"resource-constrained":[185],"communities.":[186],"research":[188],"grow":[192],"tomato":[193],"hydroponically":[195],"so":[196],"tomatoes":[198,223],"available":[200],"regardless":[201],"season.":[204],"We":[205],"use":[206],"combination":[208],"Nutrient":[210],"Film":[211],"Technique":[212],"(NFT),":[213],"Deep":[214],"Water":[215],"Culture":[216],"(DWT)":[217],"analyze":[219],"outdoor":[225],"weather":[226],"other":[228],"conditions":[230],"southern":[232],"India.":[233],"Further,":[234],"ARUCO":[235],"markers":[236],"used":[238],"leaf":[240,266],"identification":[241],"also":[243],"estimate":[245],"distance,":[247],"pose":[248],"coordinates":[250],"leaves":[253],"image":[255],"processing":[256],"technique.":[257],"achieve":[264],"optimal":[265],"picture":[267]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}