{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408791773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554045","title":"QRS-Trs: Style Transfer-Based Image-to-Image Translation for Carbon Stock Estimation in Quantitative Remote Sensing","display_name":"QRS-Trs: Style Transfer-Based Image-to-Image Translation for Carbon Stock Estimation in Quantitative Remote Sensing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408791773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433332","display_name":"Zhenyu Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-0165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79223203","display_name":"Guangdong Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/0462wa640","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79223203"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Ocean Engineering and Energy, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China","Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-0165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Ocean Engineering and Energy, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79223203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087488019","display_name":"Jinnian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-7364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinnian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-7364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hanqing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79223203","display_name":"Guangdong Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/0462wa640","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79223203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanqing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Ocean Engineering and Energy, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Ocean Engineering and Energy, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79223203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055167487","display_name":"Mohd Yamani Idna Idris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-0838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Yamani Idna Idris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-0838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4107,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86960735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"52726","last_page":"52737"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5988752245903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5437518358230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.527529239654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5109531283378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-registration","display_name":"Image registration","score":0.50567626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","score":0.43688666820526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-translation","display_name":"Image translation","score":0.4215157926082611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.40418541431427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1098814606666565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5988752245903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5437518358230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.527529239654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5109531283378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166704113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861092","display_name":"Image registration","level":3,"score":0.50567626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.43688666820526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779757391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002292","display_name":"Image translation","level":3,"score":0.4215157926082611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40418541431427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1098814606666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49290efc19ec4af1ac96504de8be7abd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49290efc19ec4af1ac96504de8be7abd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 52726-52737 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7522377141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42201029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329228","display_name":"Science Research Foundation of Xijing University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991933965","https://openalex.org/W2048763053","https://openalex.org/W2081399384","https://openalex.org/W2302803999","https://openalex.org/W2551937259","https://openalex.org/W2765260274","https://openalex.org/W2858321145","https://openalex.org/W2944309081","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2965977570","https://openalex.org/W3130052509","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3191254673","https://openalex.org/W3205673486","https://openalex.org/W3209176285","https://openalex.org/W4200147790","https://openalex.org/W4200317019","https://openalex.org/W4205087529","https://openalex.org/W4205893943","https://openalex.org/W4225758461","https://openalex.org/W4313134080","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4321458638","https://openalex.org/W4385578059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288069866","https://openalex.org/W3166978923","https://openalex.org/W2986947168","https://openalex.org/W2904276469","https://openalex.org/W4323644272","https://openalex.org/W3109545856","https://openalex.org/W2971888217","https://openalex.org/W2798873573","https://openalex.org/W4213477128","https://openalex.org/W3101578490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forests":[0],"serve":[1],"as":[2,62],"vital":[3],"carbon":[4,14,59,138,170,177],"reservoirs,":[5],"reducing":[6],"atmospheric":[7],"CO2":[8],"and":[9,38,42,54,80,98,120,142],"mitigating":[10],"climate":[11],"change.":[12],"Monitoring":[13],"stocks":[15],"typically":[16],"combines":[17],"ground-based":[18],"data":[19],"with":[20],"satellite":[21],"remote":[22],"sensing,":[23],"yet":[24],"accuracy":[25],"remains":[26],"a":[27,92,99,165],"challenge.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30,163],"analyzes":[31],"Huize":[32],"County,":[33],"China,":[34],"using":[35],"GF-1":[36],"WFV":[37],"Landsat":[39],"TM":[40],"images":[41],"introduces":[43],"the":[44,134],"Quantitative":[45],"Remote":[46],"Sensing":[47],"Transformer":[48],"(QRS-Trs),":[49],"which":[50],"leverages":[51],"style":[52],"transfer":[53],"attention":[55],"mechanisms":[56],"to":[57,95,102,125,130,152,174],"enhance":[58],"stock":[60,171],"estimation":[61],"an":[63],"image-to-image":[64],"translation":[65],"task.":[66],"QRS-Trs":[67,147],"demonstrates":[68],"three":[69],"advantages:":[70],"1)":[71],"Swin-Pix2Pix":[72],"effectively":[73],"reduces":[74],"inter-domain":[75],"discrepancies":[76],"caused":[77],"by":[78],"sensor":[79],"lighting":[81],"variations":[82],"while":[83],"excelling":[84],"in":[85],"de-clouding,":[86],"outperforming":[87],"Pix2Pix.":[88],"2)":[89],"It":[90],"incorporates":[91],"median":[93],"filter":[94],"eliminate":[96],"anomalies":[97],"mask":[100],"module":[101],"exclude":[103],"non-target":[104],"areas,":[105],"achieving":[106],"MAE":[107],"=16.29":[108],"Mg/ha,":[109,112],"RMSE":[110],"=29.38":[111],"<inline-formula":[113],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[114],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[115],"<tex-math":[116],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$R^{2}":[117],"=0.71$":[118],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[119],"SSIM":[121],"=0.75.":[122],"3)":[123],"Applied":[124],"multi-year":[126],"data,":[127],"from":[128],"2005":[129],"2020,":[131],"44.04%":[132],"of":[133],"area":[135],"showed":[136],"increased":[137],"stock,":[139],"10.22%":[140],"decreased,":[141],"45.74%":[143],"remained":[144],"unchanged.":[145],"While":[146],"performs":[148],"well,":[149],"its":[150],"generalization":[151],"diverse":[153],"ecological":[154],"conditions":[155],"depends":[156],"on":[157],"high-quality":[158],"training":[159],"data.":[160],"Nevertheless,":[161],"this":[162],"provides":[164],"robust":[166],"approach":[167],"for":[168],"high-resolution":[169],"estimation,":[172],"contributing":[173],"improved":[175],"forest":[176],"sink":[178],"management.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}