{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408791234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554010","title":"Enabling Quantum-Resistant EDHOC: Design and Performance Evaluation","display_name":"Enabling Quantum-Resistant EDHOC: Design and Performance Evaluation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408791234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554010","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072898628","display_name":"Lidia Pocero Fraile","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135709","display_name":"Industrial Systems Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02sy6k521","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lidia Pocero Fraile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Systems Institute, R. C. Athena, Patras, Greece","Industrial Systems Institute, R.C. ATHENA, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1512-5508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Systems Institute, R. C. Athena, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Systems Institute, R.C. ATHENA, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029482904","display_name":"\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c3\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GR","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Tasopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7824-0026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061589828","display_name":"Christos Koulamas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-0628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135709","display_name":"Industrial Systems Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02sy6k521","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Koulamas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Systems Institute, R. C. Athena, Patras, Greece","Industrial Systems Institute, R.C. ATHENA, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-0628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Systems Institute, R. C. Athena, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Systems Institute, R.C. ATHENA, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016060882","display_name":"Raymond K. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-9147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond K. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO’s Data61, Marsfield, NSW, Australia","CSIRO’s Data61, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO’s Data61, Marsfield, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO’s Data61, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nazatul Haque Sultan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazatul Haque Sultan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO’s Data61, Marsfield, NSW, Australia","CSIRO’s Data61, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO’s Data61, Marsfield, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO’s Data61, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049456178","display_name":"Francesco Regazzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GR","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Regazzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073797976","display_name":"Apostolos P. Fournaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-2349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135709","display_name":"Industrial Systems Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02sy6k521","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos P. Fournaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Systems Institute, R. C. Athena, Patras, Greece","Industrial Systems Institute, R.C. ATHENA, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-2349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Systems Institute, R. C. Athena, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Systems Institute, R.C. ATHENA, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1408,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86772715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"75861","last_page":"75884"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5611298084259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.42223918437957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.33221036195755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1968250274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12233895063400269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5611298084259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.42223918437957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.33221036195755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1968250274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12233895063400269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e81b509d03ef448491a4a35020e79688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e81b509d03ef448491a4a35020e79688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 75861-75884 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:18175014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3554010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 13(2025), 75861-75884, (2025-03-24)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3554010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506423323","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2234639732","https://openalex.org/W2270478131","https://openalex.org/W2476179548","https://openalex.org/W2509809689","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2795042312","https://openalex.org/W2914654142","https://openalex.org/W2995337001","https://openalex.org/W2999209598","https://openalex.org/W3007841246","https://openalex.org/W3041378054","https://openalex.org/W3091959406","https://openalex.org/W3108806794","https://openalex.org/W3154958903","https://openalex.org/W3179239949","https://openalex.org/W4254098104","https://openalex.org/W4280552546","https://openalex.org/W4283644776","https://openalex.org/W4298016935","https://openalex.org/W4312960344","https://openalex.org/W4313144651","https://openalex.org/W4317928325","https://openalex.org/W4321019180","https://openalex.org/W4365810595","https://openalex.org/W4365934498","https://openalex.org/W4385416179","https://openalex.org/W4385585426","https://openalex.org/W4388630083","https://openalex.org/W4389195414","https://openalex.org/W4390659880","https://openalex.org/W4393371659","https://openalex.org/W4399669070","https://openalex.org/W4400277394","https://openalex.org/W4400836626","https://openalex.org/W4400976699","https://openalex.org/W4401609342","https://openalex.org/W6771594061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Ephemeral":[1],"Diffie-Hellman":[2,42],"over":[3,174,180,212],"COSE":[4],"(EDHOC)":[5],"is":[6,43],"a":[7,37,54,97,140,171],"compact":[8],"and":[9,74,92,113,148,161,217],"lightweight":[10,125],"key":[11],"establishment":[12],"protocol":[13,105],"for":[14,41,124,154,198,219],"constrained":[15,128],"scenarios":[16],"that":[17,187],"provides":[18],"end-to-end":[19],"application":[20],"layer":[21],"security":[22],"context.":[23],"However,":[24],"because":[25],"of":[26,29,72,102,135],"the":[27,30,69,103,133,193,213],"vulnerability":[28],"discrete":[31],"logarithm":[32],"problem":[33],"to":[34,50,82],"Shor\u2019s":[35],"algorithm,":[36],"quantum":[38],"resistant":[39],"replacement":[40],"required.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"proposes":[47],"an":[48,58,165],"architecture":[49],"transform":[51],"EDHOC":[52,83,104,143],"into":[53],"quantum-resistant":[55],"protocol,":[56],"with":[57,170],"open-source":[59],"implementation":[60],"supporting":[61],"various":[62,136,145],"Post":[63],"Quantum":[64],"Cryptography":[65],"(PQC)":[66],"schemes":[67,138],"from":[68],"National":[70],"Institute":[71],"Standards":[73],"Technology":[75],"(NIST)":[76],"PQC":[77,87,93,107,137,146],"standardization":[78,220],"process.":[79],"Necessary":[80],"modifications":[81],"are":[84,152],"analyzed,":[85],"integrating":[86],"Key":[88],"Encapsulation":[89],"Mechanisms":[90],"(KEMs)":[91],"digital":[94],"signatures":[95],"in":[96,127,139],"complete":[98],"Post-Quantum":[99],"(PQ)":[100],"version":[101],"(PQ-EDHOC).":[106],"operations":[108],"often":[109],"involve":[110],"complex":[111],"computations":[112],"require":[114],"larger":[115],"byte":[116],"sizes,":[117],"which":[118],"can":[119],"challenge":[120],"resource-constrained":[121,199],"devices":[122],"designed":[123],"operation":[126],"network":[129,162],"environments.":[130],"To":[131],"evaluate":[132],"applicability":[134],"realistic":[141],"PQ":[142],"environment,":[144],"KEM":[147,196],"Digital":[149],"Signature":[150],"combinations":[151],"assessed":[153],"execution":[155],"time,":[156],"energy":[157],"consumption,":[158],"memory":[159],"usage,":[160],"performance":[163,210],"on":[164],"nRF52840":[166],"ARM":[167],"Cortex-M4":[168],"platform":[169],"6LoWPAN":[172],"(IPv6":[173],"Low-Power":[175],"Wireless":[176],"Personal":[177],"Area":[178],"Networks)":[179],"BLE":[181],"(Bluetooth":[182],"LowEnergy)":[183],"network.":[184],"Results":[185],"indicate":[186],"NIST":[188,214],"standardized":[189,215],"ML-KEM":[190],"emerges":[191],"as":[192],"only":[194],"suitable":[195],"choice":[197],"environments,":[200],"while":[201],"promising":[202],"new":[203],"signature":[204],"schemes,":[205],"like":[206],"HAWK,":[207],"show":[208],"significant":[209],"improvement":[211],"ML-DSA":[216],"selected":[218],"FALCON.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}