{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408709676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553628","title":"Development of a Severity-Based Attack Mitigation System in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Blockchain and GFHQDC","display_name":"Development of a Severity-Based Attack Mitigation System in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Blockchain and GFHQDC","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408709676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553628","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"V. Saraswathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3003-9611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145286018","display_name":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/050113w36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Saraswathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3003-9611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007048475","display_name":"R. Dayana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145286018","display_name":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/050113w36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Dayana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-5765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145286018"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0464,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75701202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"51765","last_page":"51780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8532028794288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.7417441606521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6319623589515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5354860424995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28110235929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.06117701530456543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8532028794288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.7417441606521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6319623589515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5354860424995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28110235929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.06117701530456543}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:548c630793fc4e03b64ecf0d474d0572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/548c630793fc4e03b64ecf0d474d0572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 51765-51780 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983578087","https://openalex.org/W1996261435","https://openalex.org/W2012895119","https://openalex.org/W2902510092","https://openalex.org/W3000407329","https://openalex.org/W3083188671","https://openalex.org/W3093613665","https://openalex.org/W3117333617","https://openalex.org/W3120371684","https://openalex.org/W3127515038","https://openalex.org/W3133929937","https://openalex.org/W3137116180","https://openalex.org/W3146767397","https://openalex.org/W3174468800","https://openalex.org/W3178998853","https://openalex.org/W3187543755","https://openalex.org/W3190009836","https://openalex.org/W3193627611","https://openalex.org/W3201143084","https://openalex.org/W3203498076","https://openalex.org/W4206781722","https://openalex.org/W4214843675","https://openalex.org/W4239327932","https://openalex.org/W4288440343","https://openalex.org/W4300803856","https://openalex.org/W4312738294","https://openalex.org/W4313472201","https://openalex.org/W4323317051","https://openalex.org/W4372268961","https://openalex.org/W4378904622","https://openalex.org/W4382238203","https://openalex.org/W4386453671","https://openalex.org/W4387218295","https://openalex.org/W4390481002","https://openalex.org/W4390659772","https://openalex.org/W4401121858","https://openalex.org/W4401872038","https://openalex.org/W4403674736","https://openalex.org/W4403863411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"Radio":[1],"Networks":[2],"(CRNs)":[3],"are":[4,26,124,134,148,163,172,181,187,194],"a":[5,99,139,151,225],"form":[6],"of":[7,36,55,220],"wireless":[8],"communication":[9],"in":[10,21,53,78,138,229],"which":[11],"sensing":[12,142],"devices":[13],"continuously":[14],"monitor":[15],"the":[16,34,155,175,199,208,211,218,221,240],"network":[17,60,106],"to":[18,48,112,207],"identify":[19],"spectrums":[20],"use":[22],"and":[23,62,86,120,129,131,136,146,165,174,178,191,210,235],"those":[24],"that":[25],"available.":[27],"However,":[28],"existing":[29],"research":[30],"has":[31],"largely":[32],"overlooked":[33],"mitigation":[35,76],"attacks":[37,186,193],"based":[38,204],"on":[39,205],"their":[40,113],"severity":[41,102,114,179],"levels":[42,180],"within":[43,239],"CRNs.":[44],"This":[45],"oversight":[46],"leads":[47],"issues":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51],"degradation":[52],"quality":[54],"service,":[56],"inefficient":[57],"resource":[58],"utilization,":[59],"instability,":[61],"reduced":[63,166],"spectrum":[64,107,156,161,212,237],"efficiency.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"these":[68],"challenges,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"an":[72],"effective":[73],"severity-based":[74],"attack":[75,101,176,230],"system":[77,104],"CRNs,":[79],"utilizing":[80],"Logistic":[81],"Rational":[82],"Quadratic":[83],"Fuzzy":[84],"(LRQF)":[85],"Grid":[87],"Search-based":[88],"Frequency":[89],"Hopping":[90],"with":[91,126],"Quantum":[92],"Debrock":[93],"Cryptography":[94],"(GFHQDC).":[95],"Our":[96,215],"approach":[97],"develops":[98],"robust":[100,234],"analysis":[103],"for":[105],"threats,":[108],"mitigating":[109],"them":[110],"according":[111],"levels.":[115],"Initially,":[116],"Primary":[117],"Users":[118,122],"(PUs)":[119],"Secondary":[121],"(SUs)":[123],"registered":[125],"user":[127],"IDs":[128],"passwords,":[130],"cryptographic":[132],"keys":[133],"generated":[135],"stored":[137],"blockchain.":[140],"Spectrum":[141],"is":[143,153,157,202,213],"then":[144],"performed,":[145],"PUs":[147],"detected.":[149],"If":[150],"PU":[152],"present,":[154],"not":[158],"allocated;":[159],"otherwise,":[160],"features":[162],"extracted":[164],"using":[167,183,196],"dimensionality":[168],"reduction":[169],"techniques.":[170],"Outliers":[171],"detected,":[173],"types":[177],"identified":[182],"LRQF.":[184],"High-severity":[185],"blocked,":[188],"while":[189],"low":[190],"medium-level":[192],"mitigated":[195],"GFHQDC.":[197],"Finally,":[198],"optimal":[200],"SU":[201],"selected":[203],"proximity":[206],"PU,":[209],"allocated.":[214],"results":[216],"demonstrate":[217],"superiority":[219],"proposed":[222],"model,":[223],"achieving":[224],"98.42%":[226],"security":[227],"level":[228],"mitigation,":[231],"thereby":[232],"ensuring":[233],"efficient":[236],"sharing":[238],"CRN.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-03-22T00:00:00"}
