{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408709913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553402","title":"Active and Reactive Power Multi-Objective Control of Multi-Microgrid in On- and Off-Grid Modes","display_name":"Active and Reactive Power Multi-Objective Control of Multi-Microgrid in On- and Off-Grid Modes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408709913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001974973","display_name":"Hossien Faraji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7329-8483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hossien Faraji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050619915","display_name":"Gevork B. Gharehpetian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-790X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gevork B. Gharehpetian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101775763","display_name":"Amir Khorsandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-3231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Khorsandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022825403","display_name":"Seyed Hossein Hosseinian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-5833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Hossein Hosseinian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071359802","display_name":"Roya Ahmadiahangar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-2678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roya AhmadiAhangar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering &#x0026; Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering &#x0026; Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056763787","display_name":"Argo Rosin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6485-1037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Argo Rosin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering &#x0026; Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering &#x0026; Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001974973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5966,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83552632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"56531","last_page":"56546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.888793408870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.7603597044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.56544429063797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.5512450933456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5472984313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.5232321619987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5202102065086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42772093415260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.25998854637145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14816585183143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14461961388587952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08834034204483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07314690947532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06756854057312012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.888793408870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.7603597044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.56544429063797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.5512450933456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5472984313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.5232321619987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5202102065086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42772093415260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.25998854637145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14816585183143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14461961388587952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08834034204483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07314690947532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06756854057312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:68786e9494dd4c0489f2933d5968a5ff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/68786e9494dd4c0489f2933d5968a5ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 56531-56546 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055449818","https://openalex.org/W2132755931","https://openalex.org/W2407777570","https://openalex.org/W2462779902","https://openalex.org/W2479608155","https://openalex.org/W2528921354","https://openalex.org/W2582412800","https://openalex.org/W2589051533","https://openalex.org/W2775279201","https://openalex.org/W2786506993","https://openalex.org/W2792545540","https://openalex.org/W2807763193","https://openalex.org/W2889341281","https://openalex.org/W2903160699","https://openalex.org/W2945283621","https://openalex.org/W2980031962","https://openalex.org/W3021553137","https://openalex.org/W3033802781","https://openalex.org/W3097489455","https://openalex.org/W3108397655","https://openalex.org/W3119136250","https://openalex.org/W3121295072","https://openalex.org/W3162118020","https://openalex.org/W3167888454","https://openalex.org/W3173572266","https://openalex.org/W3189069500","https://openalex.org/W3197759084","https://openalex.org/W3199680039","https://openalex.org/W3203169609","https://openalex.org/W3209561302","https://openalex.org/W4200259428","https://openalex.org/W4200578975","https://openalex.org/W4210476130","https://openalex.org/W4213274485","https://openalex.org/W4224305700","https://openalex.org/W4282569316","https://openalex.org/W4291653446","https://openalex.org/W4310067664","https://openalex.org/W4320730685","https://openalex.org/W4323922216","https://openalex.org/W4366504070","https://openalex.org/W4384563758","https://openalex.org/W4387717454","https://openalex.org/W4396940630","https://openalex.org/W4402449754","https://openalex.org/W4403171147","https://openalex.org/W4406858118","https://openalex.org/W6798110116","https://openalex.org/W6848889288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2356033827","https://openalex.org/W2391138633","https://openalex.org/W2907234787","https://openalex.org/W4285503559","https://openalex.org/W4206134051","https://openalex.org/W4383747562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121,287],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,117,255,284,307],"multi-microgrid":[4],"(MMG)":[5],"system":[6],"consisting":[7],"of":[8,134,151,159,171,194,196,206,239,263,275,290,303,311,344,380,386,396,404,410],"three":[9,14,53],"microgrids":[10],"(MGs),":[11],"each":[12],"with":[13,306,323],"nano":[15],"grids":[16],"(NGs)":[17],"and":[18,32,162,214,244,251,347,364],"one":[19],"central":[20,149,157,376],"battery":[21,150,377],"storage":[22],"unit,":[23],"is":[24,46,182],"modeled":[25],"to":[26,48,82,96,129,184,199,209,278,335,340,370,407],"pursue":[27,126],"multiple":[28],"objectives":[29,128],"in":[30,39,179,211,224,232,350,389],"on-grid":[31,233],"off-grid":[33,122,351],"modes":[34],"by":[35,108,299],"implementing":[36],"control":[37,230,355],"strategies":[38,231,356],"the":[40,44,49,62,70,80,94,124,132,138,148,156,169,172,176,188,191,204,228,267,280,288,297,315,326,341,353,384,415],"d-q":[41],"frame.":[42],"When":[43,318],"MMG":[45],"connected":[47],"upstream":[50],"grid,":[51,268],"all":[52,144],"MGs":[54,125,160,212,248,345],"are":[55],"responsible":[56],"for":[57,247],"injecting":[58,300],"active":[59,237],"power":[60,78,92,265,277,398],"into":[61,79,266,314],"grid":[63,81,95],"while":[64,86,269],"supplying":[65,190],"their":[66],"internal":[67,192],"loads.":[68],"On":[69],"other":[71],"hand,":[72],"MG":[73,87,101,135,152,180,258,270,294,362,368,372,390,405,411],"1":[74,161,198,208,213,259,346,363,388,403,406,409],"can":[75,89],"inject":[76],"reactive":[77,91,264,276,304],"mitigate":[83],"voltage":[84,98,107,112,256,281,285,298,324,327],"sags,":[85,325],"2":[88,153,181,271,373,391],"absorb":[90],"from":[93,221,330,401],"address":[97],"swells.":[99],"Additionally,":[100,382],"3":[102,163,200,210,215,295,369],"focuses":[103],"on":[104],"recovering":[105],"fault":[106,316,321],"improving":[109,168],"its":[110,375],"low":[111],"ride-through":[113],"(LVRT)":[114],"capability":[115],"during":[116,283],"single-line-to-ground":[118],"(SLG)":[119],"fault.":[120],"mode,":[123,352],"additional":[127],"ensure":[130,185],"that":[131,186,227,414],"load":[133,417],"2,":[136,250,412],"considered":[137],"critical":[139],"MG,":[140],"remains":[141],"powered":[142],"under":[143],"operating":[145],"conditions.":[146],"If":[147],"becomes":[154],"disconnected,":[155,393],"batteries":[158],"will":[164,216],"provide":[165,217],"support,":[166],"thereby":[167],"resilience":[170],"DC":[173],"bus.":[174],"Furthermore,":[175],"AC":[177],"bus":[178],"designed":[183],"if":[187],"inverter":[189,385],"loads":[193],"any":[195],"NGs":[197,207],"encounters":[201],"an":[202,291,319],"outage,":[203],"inverters":[205],"support.":[218],"Results":[219],"obtained":[220],"nonlinear":[222],"simulations":[223],"MATLAB/SIMULINK":[225],"show":[226],"proposed":[229,354],"mode":[234],"successfully":[235,357],"injected":[236,260,358],"powers":[238],"15":[240],"kW,":[241,243],"20":[242,245,359],"kW":[246,360,366,395],"1,":[249],"3,":[252],"respectively.":[253],"During":[254],"sag,":[257],"65":[261],"kVAr":[262,274,302],"absorbed":[272],"60":[273],"stabilize":[279],"profile":[282,328],"swell.":[286],"event":[289],"SLG":[292,320],"fault,":[293],"recovered":[296],"90":[301],"power,":[305],"maximum":[308],"three-phase":[309,416],"current":[310],"200":[312],"A":[313],"location.":[317],"coincided":[322],"improved":[329],"0.6":[331],"per":[332],"unit":[333],"(pu)":[334],"over":[336],"0.9":[337],"pu":[338],"due":[339],"simultaneous":[342],"operation":[343],"3.":[348],"Also,":[349],"through":[361,367],"25":[365],"support":[371],"when":[374,383],"went":[378],"out":[379],"circuit.":[381],"NG":[387,402,408],"was":[392,399],"13":[394],"auxiliary":[397],"transferred":[400],"ensuring":[413],"remained":[418],"powered.":[419]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
