{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408709015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553308","title":"Phase Code Integration Using Interpulse Techniques for Enhanced Radar Performance","display_name":"Phase Code Integration Using Interpulse Techniques for Enhanced Radar Performance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408709015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553308","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Basmah Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-3132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basmah Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-3132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024828216","display_name":"Faran Awais Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faran Awais Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054055646","display_name":"Ijaz Haider Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-9217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ijaz Haider Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan","Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-9217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074995100","display_name":"Saqib Ejaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7654-6454"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Ejaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centres of Excellence in Science & Applied Technologies (CESAT), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centres of Excellence in Science & Applied Technologies (CESAT), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115599787","display_name":"Saqib Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2350"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centres of Excellence in Science & Applied Technologies (CESAT), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centres of Excellence in Science & Applied Technologies (CESAT), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073876438","display_name":"Ali H. Muqaibel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hussein Muqaibel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060930044","display_name":"Saleh A. Alawsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-191X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh A. Alawsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-191X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Arif Anwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arif Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91764247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"51680","last_page":"51692"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9451000094413757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6734161376953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5922327637672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5210851430892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3740805983543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3222326636314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12534603476524353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6734161376953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5922327637672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5210851430892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3740805983543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3222326636314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12534603476524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c97d25ede3ac4f21b1be33b14c3e224e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c97d25ede3ac4f21b1be33b14c3e224e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 51680-51692 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000807176","https://openalex.org/W2073565783","https://openalex.org/W2943666934","https://openalex.org/W2944695738","https://openalex.org/W3111405540","https://openalex.org/W3132355509","https://openalex.org/W3186784132","https://openalex.org/W3215605899","https://openalex.org/W4221141053","https://openalex.org/W4285139420","https://openalex.org/W4294982663","https://openalex.org/W4312311702","https://openalex.org/W4312466007","https://openalex.org/W4312932495","https://openalex.org/W4313886683","https://openalex.org/W4385627028","https://openalex.org/W4400063898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"coding":[1,60,76],"plays":[2],"an":[3],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6],"radar":[7,95],"systems,":[8],"affecting":[9],"signal":[10],"modulation,":[11],"target":[12],"detection,":[13],"and":[14,28,37,56,65,91,117,124],"interference":[15],"rejection.":[16],"This":[17],"study":[18,42],"assesses":[19],"various":[20],"phase":[21,72],"codes,":[22,30],"including":[23],"Gold,":[24],"Kasami,":[25],"Barker,":[26],"Frank,":[27],"Chaotic":[29],"by":[31],"analyzing":[32],"performance":[33,105],"metrics":[34],"like":[35],"cross-correlation":[36,92,116],"peak-to-sidelobe":[38],"ratio":[39],"(PSLR).":[40],"The":[41,119,134],"highlights":[43],"certain":[44],"limitations,":[45],"suggesting":[46],"the":[47,78,109],"need":[48],"for":[49,143],"new":[50],"waveform":[51,87],"solutions.":[52],"It":[53],"integrates":[54],"component-based":[55],"Kronecker":[57,123],"product-based":[58],"interpulse":[59,75,136],"to":[61,83,107,148],"combine":[62],"different":[63],"codes":[64,73,82],"improve":[66],"overall":[67],"system":[68],"performance.":[69,96],"By":[70],"merging":[71],"effectively,":[74],"leverages":[77],"strengths":[79],"of":[80],"individual":[81],"produce":[84],"a":[85,103],"composite":[86],"with":[88,131],"enhanced":[89],"autocorrelation":[90],"properties,":[93],"improving":[94],"An":[97],"optimization":[98],"problem":[99],"is":[100],"formulated":[101],"using":[102],"weighted":[104],"metric":[106],"identify":[108],"best":[110],"waveform,":[111],"considering":[112],"factors":[113],"such":[114],"as":[115,140],"PSLR.":[118],"approach,":[120],"utilizing":[121],"simple":[122],"element-wise":[125],"multiplication":[126],"techniques,":[127],"offers":[128],"significant":[129],"benefits":[130],"minimal":[132],"complexity.":[133],"Barker-Gold":[135],"code":[137],"stands":[138],"out":[139],"highly":[141],"effective":[142],"spread":[144],"spectrum-based":[145],"applications":[146],"due":[147],"its":[149],"favorable":[150],"correlation":[151],"properties.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}