{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408708721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553199","title":"Handwritten Amharic Character Recognition Through Transfer Learning: Integrating CNN Models and Machine Learning Classifiers","display_name":"Handwritten Amharic Character Recognition Through Transfer Learning: Integrating CNN Models and Machine Learning Classifiers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408708721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553199","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114763736","display_name":"Natenaile Asmamaw Shiferaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125057","display_name":"Vivekananda Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mz4r36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930198","display_name":"C.V. Raman Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/032583b91","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natenaile Asmamaw Shiferaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3243-3401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057","https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023976257","display_name":"Zefree Lazarus Mayaluri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6910-126X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125057","display_name":"Vivekananda Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mz4r36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930198","display_name":"C.V. Raman Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/032583b91","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zefree Lazarus Mayaluri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","Department of Electrical Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6910-126X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057","https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076063708","display_name":"Prabodh Kumar Sahoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0112-7129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9694494","display_name":"Parul University","ror":"https://ror.org/024v3fg07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabodh Kumar Sahoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0112-7129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034931207","display_name":"Ganapati Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3555-5685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125057","display_name":"Vivekananda Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mz4r36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930198","display_name":"C.V. Raman Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/032583b91","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganapati Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3555-5685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057","https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050029460","display_name":"Prince Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-7263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9694494","display_name":"Parul University","ror":"https://ror.org/024v3fg07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prince Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-7263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9694494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086930763","display_name":"Adyasha Rath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-1914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125057","display_name":"Vivekananda Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mz4r36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930198","display_name":"C.V. Raman Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/032583b91","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adyasha Rath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057","https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778722","display_name":"Md. Shabiul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-7249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Shabiul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-7249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748842","display_name":"Mohammad Tariqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-3209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Tariqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malayasia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-3209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malayasia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.1735,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98457534,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"52134","last_page":"52148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14228","display_name":"Religion and Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nigeria","score":0.9297999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amharic","display_name":"Amharic","score":0.9344559907913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8278605937957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7329998016357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6450502276420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6420816779136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.5709344148635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.491463303565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.47078341245651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4267335534095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.40505683422088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3509036898612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08119550347328186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780900699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28244","display_name":"Amharic","level":2,"score":0.9344559907913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8278605937957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7329998016357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6450502276420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6420816779136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5709344148635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.491463303565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47078341245651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4267335534095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.40505683422088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3509036898612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08119550347328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:13714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64a9dfb7212f4e8f8c3022aceefd3e09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64a9dfb7212f4e8f8c3022aceefd3e09","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 52134-52148 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3553199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3553199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2153500396","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UKM/03/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121562756","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2902072918","https://openalex.org/W2927718754","https://openalex.org/W2943857752","https://openalex.org/W2976771574","https://openalex.org/W3017078175","https://openalex.org/W3124411359","https://openalex.org/W3168011262","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4256060553","https://openalex.org/W4296685329","https://openalex.org/W4318700694","https://openalex.org/W4362614804","https://openalex.org/W4378176008","https://openalex.org/W4382402998","https://openalex.org/W4384938272","https://openalex.org/W4387504801","https://openalex.org/W4388676596","https://openalex.org/W4390471521","https://openalex.org/W4393185131","https://openalex.org/W4394597426","https://openalex.org/W4394895289","https://openalex.org/W4399264455","https://openalex.org/W4399565108","https://openalex.org/W4401633961","https://openalex.org/W4401797119","https://openalex.org/W4403142651","https://openalex.org/W4403428007","https://openalex.org/W4403447769","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110147340","https://openalex.org/W3096012655","https://openalex.org/W1991513203","https://openalex.org/W2892704491","https://openalex.org/W3178467699","https://openalex.org/W4312612713","https://openalex.org/W2910404650","https://openalex.org/W4408696804","https://openalex.org/W2106936331","https://openalex.org/W4307639571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwritten":[0],"Amharic":[1],"character":[2,139],"recognition":[3,36,140],"presents":[4],"significant":[5],"challenges":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,34,122,135],"the":[9,63,83,94],"script\u2019s":[10],"syllabic":[11],"nature":[12],"and":[13,49,76,107],"variations":[14],"in":[15,137],"handwriting":[16],"styles.":[17],"This":[18,132],"study":[19],"investigates":[20],"a":[21,100,119],"hybrid":[22],"approach":[23],"that":[24,115],"integrates":[25],"convolutional":[26],"neural":[27],"networks":[28],"(CNNs)":[29],"with":[30,59,68,99],"machine":[31,69],"learning":[32,39,70],"classifiers":[33],"enhance":[35],"accuracy.":[37],"Transfer":[38],"is":[40,57,66],"applied":[41],"using":[42],"four":[43],"CNN":[44],"architectures:":[45],"AlexNet,":[46],"VGG16,":[47],"VGG19,":[48],"ResNet50":[50,89],"as":[51,118],"feature":[52,85],"extractors.":[53,86],"Initially,":[54],"their":[55],"performance":[56,127],"evaluated":[58],"softmax":[60,64],"classifiers.":[61],"Subsequently,":[62],"layer":[65],"replaced":[67],"classifiers,":[71],"including":[72],"Random":[73],"Forest,":[74],"XGBoost,":[75],"Support":[77],"Vector":[78],"Machine":[79],"(SVM),":[80],"while":[81],"freezing":[82],"pretrained":[84],"The":[87],"Hybrid":[88],"+":[90],"SVM":[91,116],"model":[92],"achieves":[93],"highest":[95],"accuracy":[96],"of":[97,102,105,110],"91.89%,":[98],"precision":[101],"92.46%,":[103],"recall":[104],"91.15%,":[106],"an":[108],"F1-score":[109],"91.80%.":[111],"These":[112],"results":[113],"indicate":[114],"serves":[117],"potential":[120],"alternative":[121],"softmax,":[123],"offering":[124],"robust":[125],"classification":[126],"for":[128,142],"complex":[129],"handwritten":[130,138],"scripts.":[131],"research":[133],"contributes":[134],"advancements":[136],"systems":[141],"underrepresented":[143],"languages.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T14:30:12.667765","created_date":"2025-03-22T00:00:00"}