{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408609186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552833","title":"Risk Assessment Method for Autonomous Vehicles Violating Safety Common Sense Based on Driving Behavior","display_name":"Risk Assessment Method for Autonomous Vehicles Violating Safety Common Sense Based on Driving Behavior","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408609186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552833","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083960942","display_name":"Zhaowen Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8656-9890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaowen Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8656-9890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101681235","display_name":"Zhenbin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4348-3754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenbin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4348-3754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054083407","display_name":"Jiayi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4125-945X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102143871","display_name":"Bin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4998-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024714862","display_name":"Tianyang Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047809721","display_name":"Xinjie Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjie Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445311","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-2293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025307891","display_name":"Shichun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-7988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-7988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018606054","display_name":"Yaoguang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoguang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1235,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86212842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"63076","last_page":"63092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.7986000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.7986000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5994592905044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense","display_name":"Sense (electronics)","score":0.4561845362186432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-sense","display_name":"Common sense","score":0.45216619968414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4140858054161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-safety","display_name":"Vehicle safety","score":0.4130645990371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34608620405197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.2723393142223358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16413232684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.13736477494239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08918821811676025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5994592905044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143141573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7450971","display_name":"Sense (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4561845362186432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332880","display_name":"Common sense","level":2,"score":0.45216619968414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4140858054161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986542766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2090494","display_name":"Vehicle safety","level":2,"score":0.4130645990371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34608620405197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2723393142223358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16413232684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.13736477494239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08918821811676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9bb54796a7f740a2a7db8e6ff6c4bbaa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9bb54796a7f740a2a7db8e6ff6c4bbaa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 63076-63092 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2892622935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3106563813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3107400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611767925","https://openalex.org/W2793251783","https://openalex.org/W2963491064","https://openalex.org/W3006608394","https://openalex.org/W3008653308","https://openalex.org/W3011284668","https://openalex.org/W3027784309","https://openalex.org/W3089520225","https://openalex.org/W3172717778","https://openalex.org/W3190994148","https://openalex.org/W3216264597","https://openalex.org/W4200620871","https://openalex.org/W4225349279","https://openalex.org/W4225554042","https://openalex.org/W4293332359","https://openalex.org/W4309043344","https://openalex.org/W4362723420","https://openalex.org/W4372341971","https://openalex.org/W4385482244","https://openalex.org/W4385603076","https://openalex.org/W4386558753","https://openalex.org/W4387623866","https://openalex.org/W4388016086","https://openalex.org/W4390746271","https://openalex.org/W4390893093","https://openalex.org/W4392209384","https://openalex.org/W4392563412","https://openalex.org/W4393187420","https://openalex.org/W4400313022","https://openalex.org/W4400728604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3080145458","https://openalex.org/W814721988","https://openalex.org/W2808100911","https://openalex.org/W2528679101","https://openalex.org/W2365956353","https://openalex.org/W4205823696","https://openalex.org/W2022548826","https://openalex.org/W2950700716","https://openalex.org/W2550096528","https://openalex.org/W2409909858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"autonomous":[1,163],"driving":[2,29,60,150,164],"technology":[3],"continues":[4],"to":[5,66,98],"evolve,":[6],"ensuring":[7],"decision-making":[8],"safety":[9,33,40,78,161],"in":[10],"complex":[11],"traffic":[12],"environments":[13],"has":[14],"become":[15],"a":[16,22,48,109,139],"major":[17],"challenge.":[18],"This":[19,129],"study":[20],"proposes":[21],"novel":[23],"risk":[24,50,62,72,82,104],"assessment":[25,51,73,83,100],"method":[26,97,130],"based":[27],"on":[28],"behaviors":[30,37],"that":[31,38],"violate":[32,39],"common":[34,41],"sense.":[35],"Driving":[36],"sense":[42],"are":[43,64,106],"defined":[44],"and":[45,47,59,92,119,142,156,166,173],"categorized,":[46],"comprehensive":[49,81,103],"framework":[52,144],"is":[53,84],"established.":[54],"By":[55],"analyzing":[56],"real-time":[57],"trajectories":[58],"behaviors,":[61],"indicators":[63],"quantified":[65],"form":[67],"the":[68,71,80,87,93,124,127,132,160],"basis":[69],"of":[70,126,134,162],"model.":[74,128],"Combined":[75],"with":[76],"environment":[77],"entropy,":[79],"obtained":[85],"using":[86,108],"subjective":[88],"Analytic":[89],"Hierarchy":[90],"Process":[91],"objective":[94],"entropy":[95],"weight":[96],"enhance":[99],"accuracy.":[101],"The":[102],"levels":[105],"classified":[107],"Gaussian":[110],"Mixture":[111],"Model":[112],"(GMM)":[113],"optimized":[114],"by":[115,137],"K-means.":[116],"Finally,":[117],"simulations":[118],"real-world":[120],"road":[121],"tests":[122],"validate":[123],"effectiveness":[125],"addresses":[131],"limitations":[133],"existing":[135],"approaches":[136],"providing":[138],"more":[140],"adaptive":[141],"accurate":[143],"for":[145,158,170],"assessing":[146],"unconventional":[147],"yet":[148],"risky":[149],"behaviors.":[151],"It":[152],"offers":[153],"new":[154],"perspectives":[155],"strategies":[157],"improving":[159],"systems":[165],"provides":[167],"valuable":[168],"references":[169],"future":[171],"regulations":[172],"standards.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
