{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408609386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552733","title":"Analyzing Partial Shading in PV Systems Using Wavelet Packet Transform and Empirical Mode Decomposition Techniques","display_name":"Analyzing Partial Shading in PV Systems Using Wavelet Packet Transform and Empirical Mode Decomposition Techniques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408609386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014546426","display_name":"Kais Abdulmawjood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-5009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kais Abdulmawjood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002386887","display_name":"Walid G. Morsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-3449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid G. Morsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-3449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81673136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"56085","last_page":"56099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.9226999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-packet-decomposition","display_name":"Wavelet packet decomposition","score":0.7849071025848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.7430316209793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6368998289108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shading","display_name":"Shading","score":0.6254845857620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.6137048602104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.506271481513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.5007176399230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4810205101966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Second-generation wavelet transform","score":0.4599527418613434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.43113434314727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.42561036348342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25837773084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.21853581070899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10341686010360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.08631631731987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155777637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736187","display_name":"Wavelet packet decomposition","level":4,"score":0.7849071025848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.7430316209793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6368998289108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177515723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191981","display_name":"Shading","level":2,"score":0.6254845857620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.6137048602104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.506271481513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5007176399230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4810205101966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111350171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7443700","display_name":"Second-generation wavelet transform","level":5,"score":0.4599527418613434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.43113434314727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.42561036348342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25837773084640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.21853581070899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10341686010360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.08631631731987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d451c5fc35d64dccbee336a8b4bd8eff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d451c5fc35d64dccbee336a8b4bd8eff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 56085-56099 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30393226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Analyzing_Partial_Shading_in_PV_Systems_Using_Wavelet_Packet_Transform_and_Empirical_Mode_Decomposition_Techniques/30393226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165725707","https://openalex.org/W1973992090","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2100564287","https://openalex.org/W2126448196","https://openalex.org/W2280977705","https://openalex.org/W2460418407","https://openalex.org/W2466439715","https://openalex.org/W2555534989","https://openalex.org/W2772601414","https://openalex.org/W2778479432","https://openalex.org/W2807432007","https://openalex.org/W2897996667","https://openalex.org/W2906401394","https://openalex.org/W2930650313","https://openalex.org/W2942885925","https://openalex.org/W2998346523","https://openalex.org/W3006049678","https://openalex.org/W3081831675","https://openalex.org/W3085529144","https://openalex.org/W3087269484","https://openalex.org/W3097381228","https://openalex.org/W3112156360","https://openalex.org/W3128691300","https://openalex.org/W3162891121","https://openalex.org/W3175995003","https://openalex.org/W3188922693","https://openalex.org/W3198458331","https://openalex.org/W3208178490","https://openalex.org/W3216476390","https://openalex.org/W4210835578","https://openalex.org/W4283655317","https://openalex.org/W4283745597","https://openalex.org/W4297094555","https://openalex.org/W4309002789","https://openalex.org/W4385198944","https://openalex.org/W4386200383","https://openalex.org/W4388314767","https://openalex.org/W4388591344","https://openalex.org/W4388855758","https://openalex.org/W4390767899","https://openalex.org/W4394874691","https://openalex.org/W6779198600","https://openalex.org/W6839416444","https://openalex.org/W6842899833","https://openalex.org/W6860841859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W68308810","https://openalex.org/W2085792030","https://openalex.org/W1986475093","https://openalex.org/W1506615375","https://openalex.org/W2053682625","https://openalex.org/W1588899229","https://openalex.org/W2380372197","https://openalex.org/W2144408025","https://openalex.org/W1917032666","https://openalex.org/W2358271565"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Partial":[0],"shading":[1,63,77,115,174,205],"in":[2,21,30,60,64,195,200],"solar":[3],"photovoltaic":[4],"(PV)":[5],"modules":[6],"typically":[7],"reduces":[8],"the":[9,13,19,22,69,102,118,121,127,144,167,187,196,201,215],"output":[10,107],"current":[11,111],"of":[12,71,104,151,186,203,208,222,228],"shaded":[14],"PV":[15,66,105,128],"module":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,46,53,100,125,142],"reduction":[20],"irradiance":[23],"level.":[24],"Although":[25],"this":[26,81,83],"phenomenon":[27],"is":[28,33,40,68,123,140],"temporary":[29],"nature,":[31],"it":[32,39,48],"considered":[34],"an":[35],"intermittent":[36],"fault,":[37],"and":[38,109,130,137,156,176,190,206,224],"essential":[41],"for":[42,173],"a":[43,65,86,149,157,183,219,225],"protection":[44],"system":[45,67],"differentiate":[47],"from":[49],"other":[50],"fault":[51],"conditions":[52],"avoid":[54],"unnecessary":[55],"tripping.":[56],"The":[57,159,211],"main":[58],"problem":[59],"identifying":[61],"partial":[62,114,204],"difficulty":[70],"extracting":[72],"its":[73,209],"features":[74,103],"under":[75],"different":[76],"conditions.":[78,116],"To":[79],"solve":[80],"difficulty,":[82],"article":[84],"proposes":[85],"novel":[87],"approach":[88,217],"combining":[89],"Wavelet":[90],"Packet":[91],"Transform":[92],"(WPT)":[93],"along":[94],"with":[95],"Empirical":[96],"Mode":[97],"Decomposition":[98],"(EMD)":[99],"extract":[101],"panel":[106],"voltage":[108,129,189],"string":[110,131,191],"signals":[112],"during":[113],"In":[117],"first":[119],"stage,":[120],"WPT":[122],"used":[124,141],"split":[126],"currents":[132,192],"into":[133,148,166],"specific":[134],"sub-band":[135],"frequencies,":[136],"then":[138,164],"EMD":[139],"decompose":[143],"selected":[145],"frequency":[146],"bands":[147],"number":[150],"intrinsic":[152],"mode":[153],"functions":[154],"(IMFs)":[155],"residual.":[158],"generated":[160],"IMF":[161],"components":[162],"are":[163],"fed":[165],"Random":[168],"Forest":[169],"(RF)":[170],"algorithm":[171],"designed":[172],"detection":[175,202,220],"classification.":[177],"This":[178],"proposed":[179,216],"hybrid":[180],"technique":[181],"provides":[182],"high-resolution":[184],"representation":[185],"array":[188],"without":[193],"loss":[194],"time-frequency":[197],"resolution,":[198],"aiding":[199],"differentiation":[207],"strength.":[210],"results":[212],"indicate":[213],"that":[214],"achieved":[218],"accuracy":[221,227],"98.43%":[223],"classification":[226],"97.6%.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}