{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408520258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552112","title":"AI-Based Detection and Simulation of Hardware Trojan Attacks in Industrial Applications","display_name":"AI-Based Detection and Simulation of Hardware Trojan Attacks in Industrial Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408520258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552112","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004504142","display_name":"Alessandro Massaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1744-783X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148804","display_name":"Ospedale San Giuseppe","ror":"https://ror.org/05m6e7d23","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094922","https://openalex.org/I4210148804","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Massaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, LUM “Giuseppe Degennaro” University, Casamassima, Italy","Department of Engineering, LUM \"Giuseppe Degennaro\" University, S.S. 100 Km.18, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, LUM “Giuseppe Degennaro” University, Casamassima, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, LUM \"Giuseppe Degennaro\" University, S.S. 100 Km.18, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062305149","display_name":"Nicola Epicoco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-8716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148804","display_name":"Ospedale San Giuseppe","ror":"https://ror.org/05m6e7d23","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094922","https://openalex.org/I4210148804","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Epicoco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, LUM “Giuseppe Degennaro” University, Casamassima, Italy","Department of Engineering, LUM \"Giuseppe Degennaro\" University, S.S. 100 Km.18, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, LUM “Giuseppe Degennaro” University, Casamassima, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, LUM \"Giuseppe Degennaro\" University, S.S. 100 Km.18, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084647763","display_name":"Giuseppe Loseto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7995-8494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148804","display_name":"Ospedale San Giuseppe","ror":"https://ror.org/05m6e7d23","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094922","https://openalex.org/I4210148804","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Loseto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, LUM “Giuseppe Degennaro” University, Casamassima, Italy","Department of Engineering, LUM \"Giuseppe Degennaro\" University, S.S. 100 Km.18, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, LUM “Giuseppe Degennaro” University, Casamassima, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, LUM \"Giuseppe Degennaro\" University, S.S. 100 Km.18, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003495940","display_name":"Carmelo Ardito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-9855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmelo A. Ardito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004504142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148804"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97412354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"50967","last_page":"50979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7407390475273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.6919673085212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.6134217977523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.49448132514953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3896052837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3383098244667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3226945996284485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7407390475273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.6919673085212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.6134217977523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.49448132514953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3896052837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3383098244667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3226945996284485}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f45f809426614bb48310f13ffc098a7d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f45f809426614bb48310f13ffc098a7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 50967-50979 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3552112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43382659","https://openalex.org/W1998425821","https://openalex.org/W2085281262","https://openalex.org/W2143908786","https://openalex.org/W2274193143","https://openalex.org/W2678098899","https://openalex.org/W2883502588","https://openalex.org/W2895400994","https://openalex.org/W2966988831","https://openalex.org/W2977744803","https://openalex.org/W3000731494","https://openalex.org/W3083501044","https://openalex.org/W3083571197","https://openalex.org/W3089518510","https://openalex.org/W3202593628","https://openalex.org/W4225394195","https://openalex.org/W4256060553","https://openalex.org/W4317209778","https://openalex.org/W4323923281","https://openalex.org/W4328030948","https://openalex.org/W4366320137","https://openalex.org/W4381123618","https://openalex.org/W4381798374","https://openalex.org/W4386881452","https://openalex.org/W4391305553","https://openalex.org/W4392244879","https://openalex.org/W4394892279","https://openalex.org/W4401164230","https://openalex.org/W4401540079","https://openalex.org/W4402753412","https://openalex.org/W4403675231","https://openalex.org/W4403749687","https://openalex.org/W4404134090","https://openalex.org/W4407127436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W4391584122","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W4321062229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,87,101,104,157,165,214],"Things":[3],"(IIoT)":[4],"is":[5,96,204],"becoming":[6],"increasingly":[7],"important":[8],"for":[9,133,175],"companies":[10,36],"worldwide":[11],"since":[12],"it":[13],"allows":[14],"integrating":[15],"data":[16,220],"from":[17],"different":[18],"areas":[19],"and":[20,30,40,84,108,121,138,189],"sectors,":[21],"thus":[22,210],"creating":[23],"new":[24,38,44,173],"opportunities":[25],"to":[26,37,47,116,123,136,193,231,236],"raise":[27],"efficiency,":[28],"flexibility,":[29],"productivity.":[31],"However,":[32],"IIoT":[33,72,148],"also":[34,59,110,129,222],"exposes":[35],"risks":[39],"threats,":[41],"which":[42],"implies":[43],"challenges":[45],"related":[46],"cybersecurity.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,52],"context,":[51],"paper":[53,153,170],"analyzes":[54,154],"Hardware":[55],"Trojan":[56],"(HT)":[57],"attacks":[58,90],"characterized":[60],"by":[61,163],"possible":[62,125],"malicious":[63],"controlled":[64],"white":[65,113,141],"noises":[66],"on":[67],"sensors":[68],"working":[69],"in":[70,78,144,206],"an":[71,158,228],"scenario.":[73],"Through":[74],"a":[75,79,99,112,172,237],"parametric":[76],"analysis":[77],"simulation":[80],"environment,":[81],"the":[82,85,88,92,102,105,118,131,134,140,147,152,155,169,201,212],"impact":[83],"sensitivity":[86],"hardware":[89],"about":[91],"electrical":[93],"signal":[94,119,143],"deterioration":[95],"analyzed":[97],"as":[98,184],"function":[100],"variation":[103],"HT":[106,208,240],"resistance":[107],"capacitance,":[109],"superposing":[111],"noise":[114,142],"effect":[115],"increase":[117],"disturbance":[120],"complexity":[122],"find":[124],"causes.":[126],"The":[127,218],"model":[128],"includes":[130],"possibility":[132],"attackers":[135],"modulate":[137],"switch":[139],"accordance":[145],"with":[146],"transmission":[149],"triggering.":[150],"Specifically,":[151],"behavior":[156],"attacked":[159],"resistive":[160],"humidity":[161],"sensor":[162,196],"means":[164],"circuit":[166,225],"simulations.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"proposes":[171],"approach":[174],"training":[176],"commonly":[177],"used":[178],"Artificial":[179,185],"Intelligence":[180],"(AI)":[181],"algorithms,":[182],"such":[183],"Neural":[186],"Networks":[187],"(ANNs)":[188],"Random":[190],"Forest":[191],"(RF),":[192],"predict":[194],"disturbed":[195],"signals.":[197],"Simulation":[198],"results":[199],"show":[200],"proposed":[202],"method":[203],"effective":[205,229],"detecting":[207],"attacks,":[209],"supporting":[211],"adoption":[213],"proper":[215],"corrective":[216],"actions.":[217],"AI-based":[219],"processing":[221],"demonstrates":[223],"that":[224],"simulations":[226],"provide":[227],"solution":[230],"train":[232],"AI":[233],"models":[234],"tailored":[235],"digital":[238],"twin":[239],"cybersecurity":[241],"framework.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}