{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408399659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3551121","title":"Evaluation of K-Means Algorithm for Faulted Landforms Extraction and Offset Measurement With an Example From the Eastern Kunlun Fault","display_name":"Evaluation of K-Means Algorithm for Faulted Landforms Extraction and Offset Measurement With an Example From the Eastern Kunlun Fault","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408399659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3551121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3551121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3551121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3551121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054540364","display_name":"Shengchao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-6346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengchao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7469-3511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-046X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-046X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01768083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"47848","last_page":"47859"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9449999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9449999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landform","display_name":"Landform","score":0.7921935319900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.687524676322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.5171748995780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5056483745574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48237863183021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4758446216583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45991459488868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32894212007522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.18130680918693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.14885976910591125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108497213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271669","display_name":"Landform","level":2,"score":0.7921935319900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.687524676322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5171748995780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5056483745574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48237863183021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4758446216583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45991459488868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32894212007522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.18130680918693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.14885976910591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3551121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3551121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d4b87916fa4441e9b2ab4820ab89fc69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d4b87916fa4441e9b2ab4820ab89fc69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 47848-47859 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3551121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3551121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1341784965","display_name":"\u6d3b\u52a8\u8d70\u6ed1\u65ad\u5c42\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f4d\u79fb\u91cf\u5206\u5e03\u6ce2\u5cf0\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u53ca\u5176\u53e4\u5730\u9707\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8bc6\u522b\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"42072247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W974986761","https://openalex.org/W1965337507","https://openalex.org/W1969164186","https://openalex.org/W1972428520","https://openalex.org/W1976542747","https://openalex.org/W1979429351","https://openalex.org/W1980490531","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1989747639","https://openalex.org/W2022192858","https://openalex.org/W2035447070","https://openalex.org/W2040419889","https://openalex.org/W2043826213","https://openalex.org/W2068985200","https://openalex.org/W2081143164","https://openalex.org/W2084493749","https://openalex.org/W2088331957","https://openalex.org/W2102989255","https://openalex.org/W2107224425","https://openalex.org/W2109267245","https://openalex.org/W2113482505","https://openalex.org/W2136338903","https://openalex.org/W2140709557","https://openalex.org/W2145693114","https://openalex.org/W2146098810","https://openalex.org/W2147359639","https://openalex.org/W2155307869","https://openalex.org/W2161102100","https://openalex.org/W2162894577","https://openalex.org/W2293710996","https://openalex.org/W2335732884","https://openalex.org/W2372134993","https://openalex.org/W2393947089","https://openalex.org/W2543661874","https://openalex.org/W2553918434","https://openalex.org/W2566415567","https://openalex.org/W2755220941","https://openalex.org/W2790112750","https://openalex.org/W2790795145","https://openalex.org/W2792612132","https://openalex.org/W2805941098","https://openalex.org/W2945259314","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2993091749","https://openalex.org/W3034298138","https://openalex.org/W3118805891","https://openalex.org/W3126100818","https://openalex.org/W3126977785","https://openalex.org/W3148710809","https://openalex.org/W3170936955","https://openalex.org/W3176013997","https://openalex.org/W3194926994","https://openalex.org/W3200008915","https://openalex.org/W3200100517","https://openalex.org/W4283813984","https://openalex.org/W4323838234","https://openalex.org/W4386078164","https://openalex.org/W6640959396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3178049752","https://openalex.org/W2373784975","https://openalex.org/W2606531105","https://openalex.org/W4385704418","https://openalex.org/W1667702539","https://openalex.org/W2367991724","https://openalex.org/W3014868392","https://openalex.org/W2350846807","https://openalex.org/W2554007449","https://openalex.org/W2391048742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"offset":[1,241,276],"measurement":[2],"is":[3,99,149,186],"crucial":[4],"for":[5,49,64,251,275],"recovering":[6],"the":[7,14,71,78,102,107,123,146,179,220,229,234,238,246,262,266],"size":[8],"of":[9,17,27,73,106,157,171,176,183,215,219,240,248,264,268],"past":[10],"earthquakes":[11],"and":[12,46,53,67,83,126,173,256],"understanding":[13],"recurrence":[15],"patterns":[16],"strike-slip":[18],"faults.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"methods,":[21],"which":[22],"rely":[23],"on":[24,178],"manual":[25],"delineation":[26],"displaced":[28,94],"geomorphic":[29,95,120,222,230,269],"markers":[30,121,223,270],"from":[31,233],"satellite":[32,113,273],"images,":[33],"often":[34],"introduce":[35],"significant":[36],"uncertainties.":[37],"This":[38,243],"study":[39,244],"aims":[40],"to":[41,70,92,130,151],"develop":[42],"a":[43,154,169,206,211],"more":[44],"objective":[45],"accurate":[47],"method":[48,88],"identifying":[50],"faulted":[51,254],"landforms":[52,143,255],"measuring":[54,258],"offsets.":[55],"Although":[56],"supervised":[57],"deep":[58],"learning":[59,87],"methods":[60],"have":[61],"great":[62],"potential":[63,247],"image":[65],"recognition":[66],"segmentation,":[68],"due":[69],"absence":[72],"data":[74,204],"sets,":[75],"we":[76,116],"apply":[77],"K-means":[79,136,165],"algorithm,":[80],"an":[81,132,174],"easy":[82],"practical":[84],"unsupervised":[85,161],"machine":[86],"with":[89,202],"minimal":[90],"parameters,":[91],"extract":[93],"markers.":[96],"Our":[97],"research":[98],"conducted":[100],"in":[101,141],"Kusai":[103],"Lake":[104],"segment":[105],"Eastern":[108],"Kunlun":[109],"Fault":[110],"using":[111,272],"high-resolution":[112],"imagery.":[114],"Initially,":[115],"identify":[117],"multiple":[118],"well-preserved":[119],"along":[122],"fault":[124],"traces":[125],"manually":[127],"label":[128],"some":[129],"form":[131],"imagery":[133,274],"dataset.":[134,180],"The":[135,181],"algorithm":[137],"demonstrates":[138],"its":[139],"efficacy":[140],"extracting":[142,253],"clearly":[144],"when":[145,271],"classification":[147],"number":[148],"set":[150],"three.":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"quantitative":[155],"comparison":[156],"several":[158],"commonly":[159],"used":[160],"algorithms":[162],"confirmed":[163],"that":[164,228],"performs":[166],"best,":[167],"achieving":[168],"recall":[170],"0.70":[172],"accuracy":[175,239],"0.906":[177],"validity":[182],"our":[184,199,249],"measurements":[185,201,218],"corroborated":[187],"by":[188,210],"examining":[189],"two":[190],"specific":[191],"sites":[192],"around":[193],"Hongshui":[194],"Gou.":[195],"Quantitative":[196],"analysis":[197],"comparing":[198],"imagery-based":[200],"field":[203],"reveals":[205],"strong":[207],"agreement,":[208],"evidenced":[209],"Pearson\u2019s":[212],"correlation":[213],"coefficient":[214],"0.997.":[216],"Repeated":[217],"same":[221],"across":[224],"different":[225],"images":[226,235],"indicate":[227],"features":[231],"obtained":[232],"significantly":[236],"affect":[237],"measurements.":[242,277],"underscores":[245],"approach":[250],"both":[252],"accurately":[257],"their":[259],"offsets,":[260],"emphasizing":[261],"importance":[263],"assessing":[265],"integrity":[267]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}