{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408358740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550677","title":"Novel Machine Learning-Resistant RO-Based PUF Optimized for IoT Device Authentication","display_name":"Novel Machine Learning-Resistant RO-Based PUF Optimized for IoT Device Authentication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408358740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550677","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013141040","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Aparicio-T\u00e9llez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-6702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ra\u00fal Aparicio-T\u00e9llez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-6702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024907644","display_name":"Miguel Garcia-Bosque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-6248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Garcia-Bosque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-6248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077570184","display_name":"Guillermo D\u00edez-Se\u00f1orans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-0861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo D\u00edez-Se\u00f1orans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-0861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075718351","display_name":"S. Celma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0182-7723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Celma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0182-7723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Electronic Design (GDE), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.8785,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98841817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"46147","last_page":"46160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9419999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9366999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7278250455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7061166167259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6127883791923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5340147614479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.4378596544265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3093184530735016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1936010718345642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7278250455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7061166167259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6127883791923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5340147614479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.4378596544265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3093184530735016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1936010718345642}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zaguan.unizar.es:153126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153126","pdf_url":"https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/153126/files/texto_completo.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401812","display_name":"Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3811e3526a5f49f58ae08d0bcb0688a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3811e3526a5f49f58ae08d0bcb0688a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 46147-46160 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42037993","https://openalex.org/W1544967376","https://openalex.org/W2012561239","https://openalex.org/W2068849277","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2132979456","https://openalex.org/W2277209461","https://openalex.org/W2399767476","https://openalex.org/W2483049553","https://openalex.org/W2598729596","https://openalex.org/W2604813584","https://openalex.org/W2609040851","https://openalex.org/W2612872912","https://openalex.org/W2758731284","https://openalex.org/W2898486615","https://openalex.org/W2951694401","https://openalex.org/W2963331030","https://openalex.org/W2979543333","https://openalex.org/W3003167659","https://openalex.org/W3033257916","https://openalex.org/W3036173012","https://openalex.org/W3082114130","https://openalex.org/W3090578905","https://openalex.org/W3091854260","https://openalex.org/W3093740656","https://openalex.org/W3166351501","https://openalex.org/W3186471288","https://openalex.org/W3191544426","https://openalex.org/W3196375111","https://openalex.org/W4214898075","https://openalex.org/W4224238473","https://openalex.org/W4247110653","https://openalex.org/W4293731219","https://openalex.org/W4296558705","https://openalex.org/W4361856252","https://openalex.org/W4385489538","https://openalex.org/W4390113165","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6676995458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386278306","https://openalex.org/W2010558539","https://openalex.org/W2580259249","https://openalex.org/W3096667951","https://openalex.org/W4288068867","https://openalex.org/W4391182404","https://openalex.org/W2739596575","https://openalex.org/W2910284721","https://openalex.org/W2912135041","https://openalex.org/W3021721596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,154],"work,":[2],"a":[3,32,81,112,133,210,227],"novel":[4],"Physically":[5],"Unclonable":[6],"Function":[7],"(PUF)":[8],"based":[9],"on":[10,122],"Generalized":[11],"Galois":[12],"Ring":[13,191],"Oscillators":[14],"(GenGAROs)":[15],"optimized":[16],"for":[17],"IoT":[18],"device":[19],"identification":[20],"purposes":[21],"has":[22,76,100,109,119,185,213],"been":[23,77,101,110,120,128,214],"proposed":[24,215],"and":[25,58,124,130,145,166,204,224],"analyzed.":[26],"A":[27],"GenGARO":[28,108],"is":[29],"composed":[30],"of":[31,35,54,64,70,73,86,93,98,107,114,142,153,163,197,220,237],"certain":[33],"number":[34],"logic":[36,87],"gates":[37,88],"with":[38],"up":[39],"to":[40,51,61,79,132,187,206],"two":[41],"inputs":[42],"connected":[43],"in":[44,96,137,195],"cascade":[45],"so":[46],"that":[47,226],"one":[48],"input":[49],"corresponds":[50],"the":[52,55,59,62,65,71,84,91,94,104,138,143,147,189,217,221,238],"output":[53,63],"previous":[56],"gate":[57],"other":[60],"last":[66],"one.":[67],"The":[68,151,183],"bias":[69],"signal":[72],"these":[74],"oscillators":[75],"used":[78],"construct":[80],"GenGARO-PUF.":[82],"Firstly,":[83],"combination":[85],"which":[89],"optimize":[90],"response":[92],"GenGARO-PUF":[95,113,184,212],"terms":[97,196],"identifiability":[99,203,229],"studied.":[102],"Once":[103],"optimal":[105],"configuration":[106],"found,":[111],"11":[115],"Look-Up":[116],"Tables":[117],"(LUTs)":[118],"implemented":[121,136],"FPGA":[123,144],"its":[125],"properties":[126],"have":[127],"analyzed":[129],"compared":[131],"conventional":[134,190],"RO-PUF":[135],"exact":[139],"same":[140,148],"locations":[141],"using":[146,180,234],"hard":[149],"constraints.":[150],"proposal":[152],"work":[155],"shows":[156],"an":[157,167],"average":[158],"Inter-":[159],"Hamming":[160],"Distance":[161],"(HD)":[162],"49.9":[164],"%":[165],"Equal":[168],"Error":[169],"Rate":[170],"<inline-formula":[171],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[173],"<tex-math":[174],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\textit":[175],"{EER}={1.52}\\cdot":[176],"{10}^{\\text":[177],"{-12}}$":[178],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[179],"100-bit":[181],"responses.":[182],"proven":[186],"outperform":[188],"Oscillator":[192],"(RO)":[193],"PUF":[194],"spatial":[198],"autocorrelation,":[199],"uniqueness,":[200],"uniformity,":[201],"bit-aliasing,":[202],"resistance":[205],"modeling":[207],"attacks.":[208],"Furthermore,":[209],"3-LUT":[211],"maintaining":[216],"prediction":[218],"accuracy":[219],"11-LUT":[222],"GenGARO-PUF,":[223],"showing":[225],"good":[228],"can":[230],"still":[231],"be":[232],"achieved":[233],"fewer":[235],"resources":[236],"FPGA.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}