{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408358703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550577","title":"Optimizing Stroke Recognition With MediaPipe and Machine Learning: An Explainable AI Approach for Facial Landmark Analysis","display_name":"Optimizing Stroke Recognition With MediaPipe and Machine Learning: An Explainable AI Approach for Facial Landmark Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408358703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076917209","display_name":"Ramin Karim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-2740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5518804","display_name":"BRAC University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sge8677","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reshad Ul Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061012595","display_name":"Gaafar Sadeq S. Mahdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-6900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5518804","display_name":"BRAC University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sge8677","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sammam Mahdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116479352","display_name":"Abrar Samin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5518804","display_name":"BRAC University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sge8677","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abrar Samin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024196830","display_name":"Aniqua Nusrat Zereen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-8667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25399158","display_name":"Mahidol University","ror":"https://ror.org/01znkr924","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aniqua Nusrat Zereen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand","Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25399158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25399158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009252576","display_name":"M. Abdullah\u2010Al\u2010Wadud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036848523","display_name":"Jia Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-4095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85389745","display_name":"Woosong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02srty072","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85389745"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI and Big Data Department, Endicott College, Woosong University, Daejeon, South Korea","AI and Big Data Department, Endicott College, Woosong University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI and Big Data Department, Endicott College, Woosong University, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85389745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI and Big Data Department, Endicott College, Woosong University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85389745"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076917209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5518804"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.6267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96840253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"32636","last_page":"32660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9128000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9128000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9443424344062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7657765746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6553269624710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.45450785756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42715543508529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4005052447319031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38397714495658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3324570655822754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9443424344062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7657765746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6553269624710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.45450785756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42715543508529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4005052447319031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38397714495658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3324570655822754}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b99df37c61d142169c49c0ae41cab2ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b99df37c61d142169c49c0ae41cab2ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 32636-32660 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8747033456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSPD2025R951","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119232786","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2295076357","https://openalex.org/W2788724289","https://openalex.org/W2982242374","https://openalex.org/W3106883650","https://openalex.org/W3127661493","https://openalex.org/W3182888764","https://openalex.org/W3216414500","https://openalex.org/W4283368621","https://openalex.org/W4283749599","https://openalex.org/W4294875228","https://openalex.org/W4311472318","https://openalex.org/W4315486640","https://openalex.org/W4362731103","https://openalex.org/W4387481205","https://openalex.org/W4388027483","https://openalex.org/W4389080144","https://openalex.org/W4399025650","https://openalex.org/W6623626652","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6750729320","https://openalex.org/W6765401191","https://openalex.org/W6856458699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2026924879","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W2116423617","https://openalex.org/W2347824352","https://openalex.org/W2112875849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"detection":[1,31],"of":[2,24,51,87,131,184],"stroke":[3,19,52,95,203,245],"is":[4,195],"critical":[5,182],"for":[6,83],"improving":[7,187,242],"survival":[8],"rates":[9],"and":[10,44,53,107,148,180,204,217,249],"recovery.":[11],"This":[12,142],"study":[13],"presents":[14],"an":[15],"innovative":[16],"approach":[17],"to":[18,78,94,197,244],"diagnosis":[20,246],"through":[21,104,120],"the":[22,88,118,126,129,177,188,202,208,214],"analysis":[23],"facial":[25,29,55,63,91,174],"landmarks":[26,64],"combining":[27],"MediaPipe\u2019s":[28],"landmark":[30],"with":[32,59,151],"advanced":[33],"machine":[34,98],"learning":[35,99],"models\u2019":[36],"Random":[37],"Forest":[38],"(RF),":[39],"Extreme":[40],"Gradient":[41],"Boosting":[42,46],"(XGB),":[43],"Categorical":[45],"(CB).":[47],"A":[48],"comprehensive":[49],"dataset":[50],"non-stroke":[54,205],"images":[56],"are":[57,76,101],"curated,":[58],"MediaPipe":[60],"extracting":[61],"228":[62],"from":[65,137],"key":[66,173],"regions":[67,92],"affected":[68],"by":[69,157,170],"stroke-related":[70],"asymmetry.":[71],"Explainable":[72],"AI":[73],"(XAI)":[74],"techniques":[75],"applied":[77],"enhance":[79],"model":[80,150],"interpretability,":[81],"allowing":[82],"a":[84,111,138,145,230],"deeper":[85],"understanding":[86],"most":[89],"significant":[90],"contributing":[93],"prediction.":[96],"The":[97,226],"models":[100],"individually":[102],"optimized":[103],"hyperparameter":[105],"tuning,":[106],"further":[108],"we":[109],"propose":[110],"Multimodal":[112],"Voting":[113],"Classifier":[114],"(MVC).":[115],"By":[116],"aggregating":[117],"predictions":[119],"majority":[121],"voting":[122],"or":[123],"weighted":[124],"averaging,":[125],"system":[127,228],"reduces":[128],"likelihood":[130],"incorrect":[132],"classifications":[133],"that":[134,235],"might":[135],"arise":[136],"single":[139],"model\u2019s":[140,164,189,209,215],"limitations.":[141],"results":[143],"in":[144,239,247],"more":[146],"stable":[147],"generalized":[149],"improved":[152],"diagnostic":[153,190,233],"accuracy,":[154,160],"as":[155,176],"demonstrated":[156],"its":[158],"94.75%":[159],"than":[161],"any":[162],"individual":[163],"performance.":[165],"Feature":[166],"importance":[167],"analysis,":[168],"facilitated":[169],"XAI,":[171],"identified":[172],"regions\u2014such":[175],"eyes,":[178],"cheeks,":[179],"lips\u2014as":[181],"indicators":[183],"stroke,":[185],"significantly":[186],"precision.":[191],"Additionally,":[192],"t-SNE":[193],"visualization":[194],"employed":[196],"provide":[198],"insight":[199],"into":[200],"classifying":[201],"cases,":[206],"reinforcing":[207],"robustness.":[210],"Real-time":[211],"metrics":[212],"show":[213],"efficiency":[216],"adaptability":[218],"across":[219],"diverse":[220],"hardware,":[221],"enabling":[222],"practical":[223],"clinical":[224],"integration.":[225],"proposed":[227],"offers":[229],"cost-effective,":[231],"non-invasive":[232],"tool":[234],"can":[236],"be":[237],"implemented":[238],"real-time,":[240],"potentially":[241],"accessibility":[243],"remote":[248],"resource-limited":[250],"areas.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
