{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408280789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550057","title":"Utilizing Conditional GANs for Synthesis of Equilibrated Hyperspectral Data to Enhance Classification and Mitigate Majority Class Bias","display_name":"Utilizing Conditional GANs for Synthesis of Equilibrated Hyperspectral Data to Enhance Classification and Mitigate Majority Class Bias","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408280789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550057","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050207345","display_name":"Bibi Noor Asmat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-3382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bibi Noor Asmat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Street, State, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Street, State, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hafiz Syed Muhammad Bilal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Syed Muhammad Bilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Street, State, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Street, State, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047672519","display_name":"M. Irfan Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-3881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178777954","display_name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057d2v504","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Irfan Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Street, Street, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Street, Street, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036784649","display_name":"Faten Khalid Karim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-5818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faten Khalid Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063114495","display_name":"Samih M. Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samih M. Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050207345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5139,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92157285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"49271","last_page":"49289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.5544000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.5544000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8690298199653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7013252377510071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6053808331489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5157608985900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46592992544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32671457529067993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8690298199653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7013252377510071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6053808331489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5157608985900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46592992544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32671457529067993}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c4dc3dd55174cbbbed133065f445258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c4dc3dd55174cbbbed133065f445258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 49271-49289 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2254509105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2024R300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W3044522863","https://openalex.org/W3080919303","https://openalex.org/W3090206042","https://openalex.org/W3112293331","https://openalex.org/W3128861763","https://openalex.org/W3133704440","https://openalex.org/W3202355052","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4285819034","https://openalex.org/W4293733592","https://openalex.org/W4297094388","https://openalex.org/W4312440771","https://openalex.org/W4312928446","https://openalex.org/W4376456890","https://openalex.org/W4387385752","https://openalex.org/W4390357064","https://openalex.org/W4401327508","https://openalex.org/W6678815747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"land":[1,45,73],"cover":[2,46,74],"scene":[3,27],"is":[4],"described":[5],"by":[6,100,210],"vegetation,":[7],"urban":[8],"infrastructure,":[9],"water":[10],"bodies,":[11],"bare":[12],"soil,":[13],"and":[14,21,34,70,120,187,229,246,266,279,302],"many":[15],"other":[16],"physical":[17],"materials.":[18],"Satellite":[19],"imagery":[20],"remote":[22],"sensing":[23],"techniques":[24],"analyze":[25],"the":[26,29,131,135,181,190,212,235,241,244,274,287,322],"for":[28,66,117,123,138,147,169],"management":[30],"of":[31,59,72,183,243,254,262,286,311,324],"natural":[32],"resources":[33],"environmental":[35],"changes.":[36],"Hyperspectral":[37],"Imaging":[38],"(HSI)":[39],"plays":[40],"a":[41,56,98,113,173,202,217,248],"vital":[42],"role":[43],"in":[44,79,93,258,327],"classification":[47,81,309,323],"due":[48,162],"to":[49,104,142,163,271,319],"its":[50,259,317],"rich":[51],"spectral":[52,63],"information,":[53],"which":[54],"captures":[55],"broader":[57],"range":[58],"wavelengths.":[60],"This":[61],"enhanced":[62],"data":[64],"allows":[65],"more":[67],"precise":[68],"identification":[69],"differentiation":[71],"types.":[75],"Imbalanced":[76],"class":[77,84,133,154,185,208,214,263],"distributions":[78,209],"HSI":[80,328],"hinder":[82],"rare":[83,325],"performance,":[85],"as":[86,134,216],"these":[87,128,151,314],"critical":[88],"classes":[89,119,326],"are":[90],"often":[91,157],"underrepresented":[92],"training":[94],"data.":[95,195],"GANs":[96],"offer":[97],"solution":[99],"generating":[101],"synthetic":[102,144,160,237],"samples":[103,122,238],"address":[105],"this":[106,175,198,255],"scarcity.":[107],"However,":[108],"current":[109],"GAN-based":[110],"methods":[111,152],"use":[112,130],"static":[114],"up-sampling":[115],"mechanism":[116,265],"minority":[118,139,170,184],"generate":[121,272],"even":[124],"larger":[125],"classes.":[126,149,171],"Furthermore,":[127],"models":[129],"largest":[132],"scaling":[136,218],"factor":[137],"classes,":[140],"leading":[141],"excessive":[143],"sample":[145,231],"generation":[146],"smaller":[148],"Although":[150],"achieve":[153],"balance,":[155],"but":[156],"suffer":[158],"from":[159],"bias":[161],"over-reliance":[164],"on":[165,193],"generated":[166],"samples,":[167,276],"especially":[168],"As":[172],"result,":[174],"can":[176],"cause":[177],"dataset":[178,245],"inflation,":[179],"compromise":[180],"authenticity":[182],"representations,":[186],"potentially":[188],"degrade":[189],"model\u2019s":[191],"performance":[192],"real-world":[194],"To":[196],"overcome":[197],"limitation,":[199],"we":[200],"introduce":[201],"novel":[203],"approach":[204,289,305],"that":[205],"dynamically":[206],"balances":[207],"leveraging":[211],"smallest":[213],"size":[215],"factor.":[219],"Our":[220],"proposed":[221],"model,":[222],"Spectra":[223],"Balance":[224],"GAN":[225,270],"(SB-GAN),":[226],"ensures":[227],"efficient":[228,278],"adaptive":[230,260],"generation,":[232],"producing":[233],"only":[234,273],"necessary":[236],"while":[239],"preserving":[240],"integrity":[242],"maintaining":[247],"manageable":[249],"size.":[250],"The":[251,284,304],"primary":[252],"novelty":[253],"model":[256],"lies":[257],"nature":[261],"balancing":[264],"an":[267,307],"integrated":[268],"conditional":[269],"required":[275],"ensuring":[277],"balanced":[280],"hyperspectral":[281],"image":[282],"classification.":[283],"efficacy":[285],"SB-GAN":[288],"has":[290],"been":[291],"evaluated":[292],"using":[293],"three":[294],"publicly":[295],"available":[296],"datasets:":[297],"Indian":[298],"Pines,":[299],"Pavia":[300],"University,":[301],"Salinas.":[303],"achieved":[306],"average":[308],"accuracy":[310],"99%":[312],"across":[313],"datasets,":[315],"demonstrating":[316],"potential":[318],"significantly":[320],"improve":[321],"scenes.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}