{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408280822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549835","title":"Road Pothole Recognition and Size Measurement Based on the Fusion of Camera and LiDAR","display_name":"Road Pothole Recognition and Size Measurement Based on the Fusion of Camera and LiDAR","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408280822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3549835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549835","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100526254","display_name":"Yongxiang Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5322-148X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094894","display_name":"China Automotive Technology and Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00r5r6807","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongxiang Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Company Ltd., Tianjin, China","CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Company Ltd., Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110372392","display_name":"Mingxing Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9559-3105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxing Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696102","display_name":"Xin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0748-3669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391805","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-4441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094894","display_name":"China Automotive Technology and Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00r5r6807","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Company Ltd., Tianjin, China","CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Company Ltd., Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CATARC (Tianjin) Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468885","display_name":"Xiaowei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-6337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100526254"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094894"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4582,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88141179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"46210","last_page":"46227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8327271342277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pothole","display_name":"Pothole (geology)","score":0.7894992828369141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6191110610961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.556346595287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5460020899772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5296575427055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5227030515670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5085219144821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3256516456604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14702191948890686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8327271342277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7234907","display_name":"Pothole (geology)","level":2,"score":0.7894992828369141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6191110610961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.556346595287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5460020899772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5296575427055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5227030515670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5085219144821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3256516456604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14702191948890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5900021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082","display_name":"Petrology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3549835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a10ae2f688a7400ba1697c3dcccb3e15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a10ae2f688a7400ba1697c3dcccb3e15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 46210-46227 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3549835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2514854142","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2964062501","https://openalex.org/W2965435055","https://openalex.org/W2969350702","https://openalex.org/W3004237909","https://openalex.org/W3041319445","https://openalex.org/W3047702510","https://openalex.org/W3174913561","https://openalex.org/W4206197266","https://openalex.org/W4312376118","https://openalex.org/W4380608991","https://openalex.org/W4387789981","https://openalex.org/W6802311648","https://openalex.org/W6873058455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394960179","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,190],"intelligent":[1],"driving":[2],"systems,":[3],"accurate":[4],"detection":[5],"and":[6,24,38,66,87,119,140,160,182],"measurement":[7,198],"of":[8,13,41,100,128,143,209,220],"the":[9,29,39,108,120,136,144,149,155,184,193,216],"three-dimensional":[10],"(3D)":[11],"dimensions":[12],"road":[14],"potholes":[15,145],"are":[16],"essential":[17],"for":[18,70],"optimizing":[19],"decision-making":[20],"processes,":[21],"including":[22],"deceleration":[23],"obstacle":[25],"avoidance.":[26],"To":[27],"address":[28],"challenges":[30],"posed":[31],"by":[32,188],"unreliable":[33],"depth":[34],"information":[35],"from":[36,81],"images":[37,65],"impracticality":[40],"large":[42],"LiDAR":[43,67,78,110,180],"point":[44,68,79,111],"cloud":[45],"data":[46,83,163,206],"in":[47,53,176,196],"real-time":[48,218],"applications\u2014issues":[49],"that":[50,63,165],"can":[51],"result":[52],"false":[54],"positives":[55],"or":[56],"missed":[57],"detections\u2014we":[58],"propose":[59],"a":[60,93,96,173],"fusion-based":[61],"approach":[62],"integrates":[64],"clouds":[69,80],"measuring":[71],"pothole":[72,105,129,170],"dimensions.":[73],"Initially,":[74],"we":[75,91],"extract":[76,125],"ground":[77,88,109],"raw":[82],"through":[84],"statistical":[85],"filtering":[86],"segmentation.":[89],"Subsequently,":[90],"generate":[92],"frustum":[94],"as":[95],"two-dimensional":[97],"(2D)":[98],"region":[99],"interest":[101],"to":[102,124,134,148],"identify":[103],"potential":[104],"areas":[106],"within":[107,201],"clouds.":[112],"We":[113],"then":[114],"utilize":[115],"roughness":[116],"feature":[117],"description":[118],"Mean-shift":[121],"clustering":[122],"algorithm":[123],"precise":[126],"sets":[127],"points,":[130],"which":[131],"allows":[132],"us":[133],"determine":[135],"depth,":[137],"length,":[138],"width,":[139],"relative":[141,194],"coordinates":[142],"with":[146,203],"respect":[147],"vehicle.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"experiments":[152],"conducted":[153],"using":[154],"open-source":[156],"KITTI":[157],"Road":[158],"dataset":[159],"real":[161],"vehicle":[162],"reveal":[164],"our":[166],"method":[167],"accurately":[168],"delineates":[169],"contours,":[171],"achieving":[172],"27.4%":[174],"improvement":[175],"accuracy":[177],"over":[178],"single":[179],"methods":[181],"reducing":[183],"average":[185,205],"processing":[186,207],"time":[187,208],"88.2%.":[189],"practical":[191],"scenarios,":[192],"error":[195],"size":[197],"is":[199],"generally":[200],"15%,":[202],"an":[204],"45.6":[210],"ms":[211,222],"per":[212,223],"frame,":[213],"thereby":[214],"satisfying":[215],"system\u2019s":[217],"requirement":[219],"100":[221],"frame.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}