{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408280902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549790","title":"Pseudo-LiDAR With Two-Dimensional Instance for Monocular Three-Dimensional Object Tracking","display_name":"Pseudo-LiDAR With Two-Dimensional Instance for Monocular Three-Dimensional Object Tracking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408280902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3549790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549790","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091682560","display_name":"Rui Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-9496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-9496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033179520","display_name":"Junoh Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0882-3485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junoh Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUI/NUX Platform Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0882-3485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUI/NUX Platform Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062312591","display_name":"Phuong Minh Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-1852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131359167","display_name":"Le Quy Don Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wgyjv21","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131359167"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phuong Minh Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology and Communication, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam","Institute of Information Technology and Communication, Le Quy Don Technical University, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-1852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology and Communication, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131359167"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology and Communication, Le Quy Don Technical University, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131359167"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067433402","display_name":"Kyungeun Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-0848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungeun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer AI, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Division of AI Software Convergence, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-0848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer AI, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of AI Software Convergence, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1231,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74520189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"45771","last_page":"45783"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8075777292251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6962343454360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6631284356117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5827083587646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5701698064804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5006468296051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"Video tracking","score":0.4744066894054413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4718622863292694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.4305679500102997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.35980644822120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3362410068511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2321685254573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.22190594673156738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8075777292251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6962343454360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6631284356117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5827083587646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5701698064804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5006468296051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.4744066894054413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4718622863292694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.4305679500102997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35980644822120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3362410068511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2321685254573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.22190594673156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3549790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49e5d80eb3424c5cacbcf1c5c4bef371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49e5d80eb3424c5cacbcf1c5c4bef371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 45771-45783 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3549790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3549790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4518131374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00260248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G800300488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A2C2006864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2468368736","https://openalex.org/W2560544142","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2954174912","https://openalex.org/W2963488291","https://openalex.org/W2964166085","https://openalex.org/W2972211064","https://openalex.org/W2989738721","https://openalex.org/W2997790735","https://openalex.org/W2998633559","https://openalex.org/W2999947750","https://openalex.org/W3034314779","https://openalex.org/W3034602892","https://openalex.org/W3034739212","https://openalex.org/W3035749845","https://openalex.org/W3084173793","https://openalex.org/W3095753995","https://openalex.org/W3096245940","https://openalex.org/W3109240920","https://openalex.org/W3132607695","https://openalex.org/W3169690993","https://openalex.org/W3187808238","https://openalex.org/W3207589251","https://openalex.org/W4210425186","https://openalex.org/W4214516362","https://openalex.org/W4214558638","https://openalex.org/W4286904999","https://openalex.org/W4312713480","https://openalex.org/W4313068503","https://openalex.org/W4313245032","https://openalex.org/W4323668014","https://openalex.org/W4386065878","https://openalex.org/W4389784026","https://openalex.org/W4390871716","https://openalex.org/W4390873008","https://openalex.org/W4390873604","https://openalex.org/W4396760062","https://openalex.org/W4399207208","https://openalex.org/W4402704555","https://openalex.org/W4402727359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285271403","https://openalex.org/W2542007731","https://openalex.org/W2968379562","https://openalex.org/W2091015105","https://openalex.org/W4388689193","https://openalex.org/W2110899030","https://openalex.org/W29633852","https://openalex.org/W2985362983","https://openalex.org/W2965594636","https://openalex.org/W4327670844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Establishing":[0],"a":[1,108,160,167,184,274],"framework":[2,92,123,248],"capable":[3],"of":[4,132,198,207,233],"performing":[5,64],"3D":[6,34,70,83,98,168,175,186,200,210,228,253,267],"object":[7,35,51,59,126,147,157,211,221,254,268],"tracking":[8,60,67,130,223,229,271],"is":[9,37,163,193,217],"crucial":[10],"for":[11,171,266,276],"various":[12],"applications,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15,61],"autonomous":[16,278],"driving":[17,279],"and":[18,25,49,75,86,111,114,129,145,156,256,270,272],"robot":[19],"navigation.":[20],"Monocular":[21,142],"cameras":[22],"offer":[23],"economic":[24],"flexible":[26],"advantages":[27],"over":[28],"LiDAR":[29],"sensors;":[30],"however,":[31],"monocular":[32,69,82,109,208],"camera-based":[33],"detection":[36,71,85,127,148,187,192,202,255,269],"fraught":[38],"with":[39],"uncertainty":[40,54],"owing":[41],"to":[42,58,152,165,219],"difficulty":[43],"in":[44,81,118,134,252],"depth":[45,143,155],"estimation,":[46],"visual":[47],"occlusion,":[48],"ambiguous":[50],"appearance.":[52],"This":[53,122,261],"poses":[55],"additional":[56],"challenges":[57,80],"well,":[62],"making":[63],"stable":[65],"multiple-object":[66,84],"on":[68,190,242],"results":[72],"more":[73],"complex":[74],"difficult.":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"these":[79],"tracking,":[87,257],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"the":[90,119,125,138,196,205,243],"innovative":[91,264],"pseudo-LiDAR-MOT,":[93],"which":[94],"accurately":[95],"infers":[96],"complete":[97],"bounding":[99],"box":[100],"information":[101],"from":[102],"2D":[103,146,181],"image":[104],"sequences":[105],"captured":[106],"by":[107],"camera":[110],"efficiently":[112],"correlates":[113],"tracks":[115],"moving":[116],"objects":[117,133],"temporal":[120],"dimension.":[121],"increases":[124],"accuracy":[128,206],"stability":[131],"dynamic":[135],"environments":[136],"via":[137],"following":[139],"three":[140],"methods.":[141,260],"prediction":[144],"networks":[149],"are":[150,178],"leveraged":[151],"estimate":[153],"pixelwise":[154],"boundaries.":[158],"Subsequently,":[159],"pseudo-LiDAR":[161],"approach":[162,235],"employed":[164],"generate":[166],"point":[169,176],"cloud":[170],"each":[172],"object,":[173],"where":[174],"clouds":[177],"transformed":[179],"into":[180],"representations.":[182],"Furthermore,":[183],"novel":[185],"network":[188,216],"based":[189],"image-based":[191,209],"introduced,":[194],"simplifying":[195],"complexity":[197],"conventional":[199,259],"point-cloud-based":[201],"while":[203],"increasing":[204],"detection.":[212],"A":[213],"specialized":[214],"association":[215],"designed":[218],"enhance":[220],"trajectory":[222],"across":[224],"frames,":[225],"thereby":[226],"improving":[227],"performance.":[230],"The":[231],"effectiveness":[232],"our":[234],"was":[236],"validated":[237],"through":[238],"extensive":[239],"experiments":[240],"conducted":[241],"KITTI":[244],"dataset.":[245],"Our":[246],"proposed":[247],"exhibits":[249],"excellent":[250],"performance":[251],"outperforming":[258],"study":[262],"introduces":[263],"ideas":[265],"establishes":[273],"basis":[275],"advancing":[277],"systems.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}