{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408145148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3547885","title":"Variable Action Set-Based Monte Carlo Tree Search Algorithm for AAV Autonomous Collision Avoidance","display_name":"Variable Action Set-Based Monte Carlo Tree Search Algorithm for AAV Autonomous Collision Avoidance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408145148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3547885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3547885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3547885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3547885","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100898606","display_name":"Fulong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58995867","display_name":"Civil Aviation Flight University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01xyb1v19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58995867"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-4844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58995867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7891-3189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58995867","display_name":"Civil Aviation Flight University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01xyb1v19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58995867"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7891-3189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58995867"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02509651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"43861","last_page":"43877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6960400342941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.6596165299415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.6330724954605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-tree-search","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","score":0.6275583505630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5708685517311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5142242908477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48223862051963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.47009941935539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.4667292833328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4267190992832184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1868608593940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08549699187278748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6960400342941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.6596165299415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6330724954605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46149586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11785332","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","level":3,"score":0.6275583505630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5708685517311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5142242908477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48223862051963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47009941935539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.4667292833328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4267190992832184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1868608593940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08549699187278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3547885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3547885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f20ebb9fb6b34d06963ee53167bb0950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f20ebb9fb6b34d06963ee53167bb0950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 43861-43877 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3547885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3547885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7271713444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJ2024016301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","funder_display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505754525","https://openalex.org/W1601512022","https://openalex.org/W1965830113","https://openalex.org/W1971709723","https://openalex.org/W1971996841","https://openalex.org/W1976937131","https://openalex.org/W1990402843","https://openalex.org/W2006619020","https://openalex.org/W2010927613","https://openalex.org/W2011302318","https://openalex.org/W2038818107","https://openalex.org/W2062731992","https://openalex.org/W2075568193","https://openalex.org/W2101239630","https://openalex.org/W2102488278","https://openalex.org/W2104782147","https://openalex.org/W2113814931","https://openalex.org/W2124497430","https://openalex.org/W2125240595","https://openalex.org/W2130543103","https://openalex.org/W2136207702","https://openalex.org/W2317713946","https://openalex.org/W2462226675","https://openalex.org/W2521950877","https://openalex.org/W2755553401","https://openalex.org/W2810152978","https://openalex.org/W2891346267","https://openalex.org/W3010600586","https://openalex.org/W3086498732","https://openalex.org/W3128714894","https://openalex.org/W3214307562","https://openalex.org/W4213147678","https://openalex.org/W4321792508","https://openalex.org/W4386269701","https://openalex.org/W4387662490","https://openalex.org/W4389398378","https://openalex.org/W4391693424","https://openalex.org/W4397010317","https://openalex.org/W6607530536","https://openalex.org/W6731264677","https://openalex.org/W6739838370","https://openalex.org/W6795913168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2571592646","https://openalex.org/W4247855592","https://openalex.org/W4317634134","https://openalex.org/W2740304877","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W4310743282","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W3163022373","https://openalex.org/W3005999311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0,4],"collision":[1,47,64,112],"avoidance":[2,48,113],"of":[3,135,177],"Aerial":[5],"Vehicles":[6],"(AAVs)":[7],"is":[8,114,126,145,162],"becoming":[9],"a":[10,26,103,141,151,200],"hot":[11],"research":[12],"topic":[13],"in":[14,63,90,116,203,214],"Urban":[15],"Air":[16],"Mobility":[17],"(UAM)":[18],"operations.":[19],"Many":[20],"studies":[21],"modeled":[22],"this":[23,101,117],"problem":[24],"as":[25,36,78],"Markov":[27],"decision":[28],"process":[29],"(MDP)":[30],"and":[31,39,133,179,195,209],"adopted":[32],"intelligent":[33],"methods":[34],"such":[35],"reinforcement":[37],"learning":[38],"Monte":[40],"Carlo":[41],"Tree":[42],"Search":[43],"(MCTS)":[44],"to":[45,74,86,129,165,173,243],"design":[46],"algorithms.":[49],"Among":[50],"these":[51],"studies,":[52],"some":[53],"algorithms":[54],"with":[55,184,198],"discrete":[56,69],"action":[57,70,123,143],"sets":[58],"have":[59],"achieved":[60],"good":[61],"results":[62,180],"avoidance.":[65],"However,":[66],"the":[67,79,83,91,131,175,185],"fixed":[68],"set":[71,144],"often":[72],"leads":[73],"low":[75],"flight":[76,136,193,196,211,220,225,230],"quality,":[77],"rigid":[80],"control":[81,194],"makes":[82],"AAV":[84],"unable":[85],"stably":[87],"fly":[88,97],"straight":[89],"desired":[92,139],"direction":[93],"but":[94],"can":[95,190],"only":[96,199],"wobbly.":[98],"To":[99],"address":[100],"problem,":[102],"Variable":[104],"Action":[105],"Set-based":[106],"MCTS":[107,187],"algorithm":[108],"(VASM)":[109],"for":[110,147],"autonomous":[111],"proposed":[115,164],"paper.":[118],"By":[119],"introducing":[120],"an":[121],"additional":[122],"option":[124],"that":[125,154,182],"carefully":[127],"designed":[128],"improve":[130,192],"stability":[132],"efficiency":[134],"along":[137],"any":[138],"heading,":[140],"variable":[142],"constructed":[146],"VASM.":[148],"In":[149],"addition,":[150],"reward":[152],"function":[153],"takes":[155],"into":[156],"account":[157],"more":[158,207],"rational":[159],"evaluation":[160],"factors":[161],"also":[163],"facilitate":[166],"better":[167,191],"decision-making.":[168],"We":[169],"conducted":[170],"numerical":[171],"experiments":[172],"verify":[174],"effectiveness":[176],"VASM,":[178],"show":[181],"compared":[183],"conventional":[186],"algorithm,":[188],"VASM":[189,217],"quality":[197],"small":[201],"increase":[202],"computational":[204],"cost,":[205],"achieving":[206],"efficient":[208],"energy-saving":[210],"guidance.":[212],"Specifically,":[213],"high-density":[215],"airspace,":[216],"reduces":[218],"average":[219,224,229],"distance":[221],"by":[222,227,232,236],"15.34%,":[223],"time":[226],"15.08%,":[228],"turns":[231],"36.64%,":[233],"conflict":[234],"probability":[235,242],"18.56%,":[237],"while":[238],"increasing":[239],"target":[240],"arrival":[241],"98.3%.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-03-05T00:00:00"}