{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407948526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546131","title":"Knowledge Distillation and Transformer-Based Framework for Automatic Spine CT Report Generation","display_name":"Knowledge Distillation and Transformer-Based Framework for Automatic Spine CT Report Generation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407948526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546131","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060262522","display_name":"Humaira Batool","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Humaira Batool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114053327","display_name":"A.Z. Mukhtar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asmat Mukhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019514645","display_name":"Sajid Gul Khawaja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Gul Khawaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036220067","display_name":"Norah Saleh Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-6001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norah Saleh Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012106402","display_name":"Asad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2055-795X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Mansoor Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069137438","display_name":"Adil Qayyum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800672702","display_name":"Combined Military Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05mya2w74","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800672702"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Qayyum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Resident Radiologist, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resident Radiologist, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800672702"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025746727","display_name":"Ruqqayia Adil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqqayia Adil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108040959","display_name":"Zawar Hussain Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-265X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zawar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017346745","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000324216","display_name":"Mousa Akbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3248-5132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman Akbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Medical Informatics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Medical Informatics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078221274","display_name":"Anders Eklund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-7995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anders Eklund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Medical Informatics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Medical Informatics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060262522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4219,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87170022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"42949","last_page":"42964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9519000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9519000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9434999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6302527785301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6245445013046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.5715786218643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34000760316848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17172223329544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1433144509792328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.13037720322608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07734930515289307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6302527785301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6245445013046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.5715786218643188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34000760316848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17172223329544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1433144509792328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.13037720322608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07734930515289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f93e873088564c8f88270db915bd9c9e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f93e873088564c8f88270db915bd9c9e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 42949-42964 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:0676c43b-c5fb-476a-a11f-08b6ced6cb10","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/0676c43b-c5fb-476a-a11f-08b6ced6cb10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2169-3536","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W2019566532","https://openalex.org/W2115488413","https://openalex.org/W2270070752","https://openalex.org/W2807888536","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2903721568","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W3006882119","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3110014757","https://openalex.org/W3185079644","https://openalex.org/W4213189167","https://openalex.org/W4283805541","https://openalex.org/W4283821415","https://openalex.org/W4293581809","https://openalex.org/W4307994170","https://openalex.org/W4368367885","https://openalex.org/W4383059059","https://openalex.org/W4385307867","https://openalex.org/W4386003857","https://openalex.org/W4386045865","https://openalex.org/W4386568605","https://openalex.org/W4389314653","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4406602253","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6761205521","https://openalex.org/W6773815586","https://openalex.org/W6784955093","https://openalex.org/W6850287543","https://openalex.org/W6852473727","https://openalex.org/W6852874933","https://openalex.org/W6858102475","https://openalex.org/W6861084137","https://openalex.org/W6874443049","https://openalex.org/W6898505805","https://openalex.org/W6987821028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spine":[0],"Computed":[1],"Tomography":[2],"(SCT)":[3],"is":[4,31,38,102,120,154],"essential":[5],"for":[6,74],"identifying":[7],"fractures,":[8],"tumors":[9],"and":[10,22,48,62,136,146,171,192,200,224,239],"degenerative":[11],"spine":[12,36,75,222],"diseases,":[13],"assisting":[14],"medical":[15],"practitioners":[16],"in":[17,241],"formulating":[18],"an":[19,45,110,114],"accurate":[20],"diagnosis":[21],"treatment.":[23],"One":[24],"of":[25,29,35,50,95,129,160,198,204,259],"the":[26,56,87,92,96,123,134,140,151,189,208,221,230,244,257],"core":[27],"element":[28],"SCT":[30,53,97],"reporting.":[32],"The":[33,117,127,177],"effectiveness":[34],"reporting":[37],"often":[39],"limited":[40],"by":[41,174],"challenges":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"inadequate":[46],"infrastructure":[47],"lack":[49],"experts.":[51],"Automated":[52],"analysis":[54],"has":[55],"potential":[57],"to":[58,104,112,144,148,229,243],"revolutionize":[59],"spinal":[60],"healthcare":[61],"improve":[63,256],"patient":[64],"outcomes.":[65],"To":[66],"achieve":[67],"this":[68],"objective,":[69],"we":[70],"proposed":[71,118,152],"a":[72,196,201],"framework":[73,119,153],"report":[76,223],"generation":[77],"that":[78,251],"utilizes":[79],"transformer":[80],"architecture,":[81],"trained":[82],"on":[83,122,139],"textual":[84],"reports":[85,165,172,232],"alongside":[86,109],"visual":[88],"features":[89],"extracted":[90],"from":[91,142],"sagittal":[93],"slices":[94],"volume.":[98],"A":[99],"foundation":[100],"model":[101],"used":[103],"perform":[105],"Knowledge":[106],"Distillation":[107],"(KD)":[108],"encoder":[111],"ensure":[113],"optimal":[115],"performance.":[116],"evaluated":[121,155],"public":[124],"dataset":[125],"(VerSe20).":[126],"incorporation":[128],"KD":[130],"results":[131],"improved":[132],"both":[133],"BERT":[135],"BLEU1":[137],"score":[138,203],"dataset,":[141],"0.7486":[143],"0.7522":[145],"0.6361":[147],"0.7291.":[149],"Additionally,":[150],"using":[156],"four":[157],"different":[158],"types":[159],"reports:":[161],"original":[162,231],"radiologist":[163],"reports,":[164,170],"without":[166,179],"spine-level":[167,180,253],"annotations,":[168],"rephrased":[169],"generated":[173,245],"ChatGPT-4o":[175],"(ChatGPT).":[176],"evaluation":[178],"annotations":[181,254],"demonstrates":[182],"superior":[183],"performance":[184],"across":[185,214,233],"most":[186],"metrics,":[187],"achieving":[188],"highest":[190],"BLEU-1":[191,197],"ROUGE-L":[193,202],"scores,":[194],"with":[195],"0.9293":[199],"0.9297.":[205],"In":[206],"contrast,":[207],"other":[209],"techniques":[210],"achieved":[211],"moderate":[212],"scores":[213],"all":[215,234],"metrics.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"experienced":[218],"radiologists":[219],"assessed":[220],"have":[225],"given":[226],"high":[227],"rating":[228],"three":[235],"criteria":[236],"(completeness,":[237],"conciseness":[238],"correctness),":[240],"comparison":[242],"reports.":[246],"This":[247],"study\u2019s":[248],"findings":[249],"suggest":[250],"omitting":[252],"can":[255],"quality":[258],"text":[260],"generation.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}