{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407948476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545957","title":"LEST: Large-Scale LiDAR Semantic Segmentation With Deployment-Friendly Transformer Architecture","display_name":"LEST: Large-Scale LiDAR Semantic Segmentation With Deployment-Friendly Transformer Architecture","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407948476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3545957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545957","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101866983","display_name":"Chuanyu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-8550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chuanyu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Optimization Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-8550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Optimization Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038992562","display_name":"Nuo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-3248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Optimization Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Optimization Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101225171","display_name":"Sikun Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sikun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452614","display_name":"Han Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-9756"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644758","display_name":"Xiaohan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3156-1989"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009747355","display_name":"Shengguang Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengguang Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiangDao GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6481-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Optimization Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6481-9961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Optimization Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101866983"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.3498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93722959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"39318","last_page":"39329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9156000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9156000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.722326397895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6318680644035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5645085573196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5538583397865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.495397686958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4217304289340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34782522916793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3297617435455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.24106010794639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18424391746520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.14952239394187927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.14145228266716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1122109591960907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.722326397895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6318680644035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5645085573196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5538583397865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.495397686958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4217304289340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34782522916793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3297617435455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.24106010794639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18424391746520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.14952239394187927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.14145228266716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1122109591960907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3545957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:08b0aaf7279a40c59a0c77ca05c1aea2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/08b0aaf7279a40c59a0c77ca05c1aea2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 39318-39329 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.db-thueringen.de:dbt_mods_00067782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3545957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400120","display_name":"Common Library Network (Der Gemeinsame Bibliotheksverbund)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3545957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97540112","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2675954008","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2795587607","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2963125977","https://openalex.org/W2963182550","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2968557240","https://openalex.org/W2990613095","https://openalex.org/W2991216808","https://openalex.org/W3003437478","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3035275207","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3036560856","https://openalex.org/W3093434340","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3109154950","https://openalex.org/W3109944402","https://openalex.org/W3111535274","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3137210930","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3167095230","https://openalex.org/W3173732446","https://openalex.org/W3174692508","https://openalex.org/W3177330511","https://openalex.org/W3198790326","https://openalex.org/W3205586691","https://openalex.org/W3210282530","https://openalex.org/W4214755140","https://openalex.org/W4214777292","https://openalex.org/W4281774103","https://openalex.org/W4285069859","https://openalex.org/W4312307873","https://openalex.org/W4312419284","https://openalex.org/W4313145913","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385815536","https://openalex.org/W4386065344","https://openalex.org/W4386065958","https://openalex.org/W4386066365","https://openalex.org/W4386071758","https://openalex.org/W4390872801","https://openalex.org/W6685562342","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6773526639","https://openalex.org/W6779709467","https://openalex.org/W6785783668","https://openalex.org/W6791705549","https://openalex.org/W6791776128","https://openalex.org/W6803508786","https://openalex.org/W6810370753","https://openalex.org/W6846166657","https://openalex.org/W6848688062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"LiDAR-based":[1],"point":[2,59],"cloud":[3,60],"semantic":[4,17,61,116],"segmentation":[5,18,62,117],"is":[6],"a":[7,77,90,98,127],"critical":[8],"challenge":[9],"for":[10],"autonomous":[11],"driving":[12],"perception.":[13],"Most":[14],"state-of-the-art":[15],"LiDAR":[16],"methods":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21,36,82,113],"complex":[22],"operators,":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"sparse":[26],"3D":[27],"convolutions":[28],"or":[29],"KdTree":[30],"structures,":[31],"which":[32],"hinder":[33],"their":[34,55],"deployment":[35],"modern":[37],"embedded":[38],"devices.":[39],"While":[40],"transformer":[41],"architectures":[42],"have":[43],"gained":[44],"prominence":[45],"in":[46],"natural":[47],"language":[48],"processing":[49],"(NLP)":[50],"and":[51,97,120],"2D":[52],"computer":[53],"vision,":[54],"application":[56],"to":[57],"large-scale":[58],"remains":[63],"limited.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68],"introduce":[69],"LEST":[70,85],"(LiDAR":[71],"sEmantic":[72],"Segmentation":[73],"architecture":[74],"with":[75],"Transformer),":[76],"novel":[78],"framework":[79],"built":[80],"entirely":[81],"simple":[83],"operators.":[84],"incorporates":[86],"two":[87],"key":[88],"innovations:":[89],"Space":[91],"Filling":[92],"Curve":[93],"(SFC)":[94],"grouping":[95],"strategy":[96],"DIStance-based":[99],"COsine":[100],"(DISCO)":[101],"linear":[102],"transformer.":[103],"Experimental":[104],"results":[105],"demonstrate":[106],"that":[107],"our":[108],"model":[109],"achieves":[110],"competitive":[111],"performance":[112],"the":[114,121],"nuScenes":[115],"validation":[118],"set":[119],"SemanticKITTI":[122],"test":[123],"set,":[124],"while":[125],"maintaining":[126],"deployment-friendly":[128],"design.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
