{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407937585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545637","title":"Mitigating Cyber Risks in Smart Cyber-Physical Power Systems Through Deep Learning and Hybrid Security Models","display_name":"Mitigating Cyber Risks in Smart Cyber-Physical Power Systems Through Deep Learning and Hybrid Security Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407937585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3545637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545637","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100497832","display_name":"M. A. S. P. Dayarathne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195740183","display_name":"University of Moratuwa","ror":"https://ror.org/0491f5305","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. S. P. Dayarathne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7676-1709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100497833","display_name":"M. S. M. Jayathilaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195740183","display_name":"University of Moratuwa","ror":"https://ror.org/0491f5305","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. S. M. Jayathilaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8932-7815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104346971","display_name":"R. M. V. A. Bandara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195740183","display_name":"University of Moratuwa","ror":"https://ror.org/0491f5305","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M. V. A. Bandara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7425-8775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004216606","display_name":"Logeeshan Velmanickam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3767-8280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195740183","display_name":"University of Moratuwa","ror":"https://ror.org/0491f5305","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Logeeshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3767-8280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084154943","display_name":"Sisil Kumarawadu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195740183","display_name":"University of Moratuwa","ror":"https://ror.org/0491f5305","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Kumarawadu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195740183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060946009","display_name":"Chathura Wanigasekara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4371-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801538329","display_name":"Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum","ror":"https://ror.org/02hdxnq28","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801538329","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chathura Wanigasekara","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures, Bremerhaven, Germany","Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures, German Aerospace Centre, Bremerhaven, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4371-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801538329"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures, German Aerospace Centre, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.3717,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99185055,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"37474","last_page":"37492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.8101075887680054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6327250599861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5909687280654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.8101075887680054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6327250599861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5909687280654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3545637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:213057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3545637>.","pdf_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/213057/1/Mitigating_Cyber_Risks_in_Smart_Cyber-Physical_Power_Systems_Through_Deep_Learning_and_Hybrid_Security_Models.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a005fbd55ba43558410d08f528ad14a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3a005fbd55ba43558410d08f528ad14a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 37474-37492 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3545637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3545637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2919785014","https://openalex.org/W2946893466","https://openalex.org/W2995121266","https://openalex.org/W3005548505","https://openalex.org/W3022218140","https://openalex.org/W3033581805","https://openalex.org/W3033604839","https://openalex.org/W3049666257","https://openalex.org/W3108419517","https://openalex.org/W3129701133","https://openalex.org/W3163569297","https://openalex.org/W3195296845","https://openalex.org/W3201629921","https://openalex.org/W4283072185","https://openalex.org/W4285221210","https://openalex.org/W4285226608","https://openalex.org/W4287219081","https://openalex.org/W4296307122","https://openalex.org/W4385423444","https://openalex.org/W4386482471","https://openalex.org/W4386968920","https://openalex.org/W4387140220","https://openalex.org/W4400491469","https://openalex.org/W4401980053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3019776739","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2546638913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,156,202],"rise":[1],"of":[2,27,63,86,95,104,120,161],"renewable":[3,28,64,215],"energy":[4,29,65,227],"integration":[5,26,62],"in":[6,19,180,197,207,211,255],"smart":[7,37,265],"grids":[8,38,212,267],"brings":[9],"new":[10],"cybersecurity":[11,71,145],"challenges,":[12],"prompting":[13],"this":[14,81],"study":[15,203],"to":[16,43,98,111,152,234],"examine":[17],"vulnerabilities":[18,94],"Smart":[20],"Cyber-Physical":[21],"Power":[22],"Systems":[23],"(CPPS).":[24],"sources,":[30],"such":[31,217],"as":[32,218],"wind":[33],"and":[34,46,58,91,101,123,130,170,200,221,225,230],"solar,":[35],"into":[36],"poses":[39],"operational":[40],"risks":[41,210],"due":[42],"their":[44,78],"decentralized":[45],"variable":[47],"characteristics,":[48],"particularly":[49],"within":[50],"the":[51,73,84,99,105,136,159,205,248],"communication":[52,102],"layers":[53,88],"essential":[54],"for":[55,176,263],"real-time":[56,177],"monitoring":[57],"control.":[59],"While":[60],"increasing":[61],"sources":[66],"does":[67],"not":[68],"directly":[69],"impact":[70],"vulnerabilities,":[72],"primary":[74],"challenge":[75],"arises":[76],"from":[77,268],"decentralization.":[79],"Addressing":[80],"decentralization":[82],"requires":[83],"use":[85,160],"cyber":[87,96,209,257,270],"between":[89],"supply":[90],"demand,":[92],"introducing":[93],"threats":[97],"control":[100],"systems":[103],"power":[106,266],"system.":[107],"These":[108,183],"layers,":[109],"vulnerable":[110],"diverse":[112],"cyber-attacks":[113],"like":[114],"false":[115],"data":[116],"injection":[117],"(FDI),":[118],"denial":[119],"service":[121],"(DoS),":[122],"replay":[124],"assaults,":[125],"might":[126],"compromise":[127],"grid":[128,181],"stability":[129],"security.":[131],"To":[132],"address":[133],"these":[134,236],"risks,":[135],"research":[137,157],"proposes":[138],"a":[139,187,240,260],"hybrid":[140],"approach":[141],"that":[142,244],"integrates":[143],"conventional":[144],"strategies":[146],"with":[147,191,213],"machine":[148],"learning":[149,163],"(ML)":[150],"approaches":[151],"improve":[153],"cyber-attack":[154],"detection.":[155],"highlights":[158],"deep":[162],"models,":[164,184],"including":[165],"Convolutional":[166],"Neural":[167],"Networks":[168],"(CNNs)":[169],"Long":[171],"Short-Term":[172],"Memory":[173],"(LSTM)":[174],"networks,":[175],"anomaly":[178],"identification":[179,199],"data.":[182],"developed":[185],"using":[186],"PSCAD-simulated":[188],"dataset":[189],"augmented":[190],"synthetic":[192],"cyber-attacks,":[193],"exhibit":[194],"considerable":[195],"advancements":[196],"threat":[198],"mitigation.":[201],"emphasizes":[204],"difficulties":[206],"identifying":[208],"significant":[214],"integration,":[216],"frequency":[219],"instability":[220],"diminished":[222],"system":[223],"inertia,":[224],"suggests":[226],"storage":[228],"alternatives":[229],"sophisticated":[231],"forecasting":[232],"models":[233,250],"mitigate":[235],"issues.":[237],"By":[238],"incorporating":[239],"novel":[241],"pre-processing":[242],"method":[243],"leverages":[245],"feature":[246],"derivatives,":[247],"proposed":[249],"achieve":[251],"over":[252],"98%":[253],"accuracy":[254],"detecting":[256],"threats,":[258],"providing":[259],"robust":[261],"framework":[262],"protecting":[264],"evolving":[269],"risks.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}