{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407900434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3544627","title":"A Study on the Lightweight and Fast Response GRU Techniques for Indoor Continuous Motion Recognition Based on Wi-Fi CSI","display_name":"A Study on the Lightweight and Fast Response GRU Techniques for Indoor Continuous Motion Recognition Based on Wi-Fi CSI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407900434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3544627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3544627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3544627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3544627","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051506971","display_name":"Kyongseok Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0255-5512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyongseok Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003821137","display_name":"Chao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-6700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102864645","display_name":"Junhao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4573-9381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014048046","display_name":"Yong-Ho Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1426-7147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbin Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040764149","display_name":"Youngok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-4745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036332878","display_name":"Seyeong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-9165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77079311","display_name":"Wonkwang University","ror":"https://ror.org/006776986","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77079311"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyeong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan-si, South Korea","Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77079311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77079311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051506971"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9099,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89974532,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"36135","last_page":"36150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9057000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.904699981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7446043491363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5134766697883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4116886556148529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3315776288509369}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7446043491363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5134766697883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4116886556148529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3315776288509369}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3544627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3544627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ed7e4901b1dc4fc5b00b37048e57487c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ed7e4901b1dc4fc5b00b37048e57487c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 36135-36150 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3544627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3544627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321310","display_name":"Wonkwang University","ror":"https://ror.org/006776986"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661762247","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2040213547","https://openalex.org/W2551793887","https://openalex.org/W2594230123","https://openalex.org/W2763219399","https://openalex.org/W2789436454","https://openalex.org/W2899372133","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2968303571","https://openalex.org/W2978631110","https://openalex.org/W2990904176","https://openalex.org/W2995836393","https://openalex.org/W2999646654","https://openalex.org/W3046258263","https://openalex.org/W3093993765","https://openalex.org/W3095517106","https://openalex.org/W3110105646","https://openalex.org/W3135374140","https://openalex.org/W3153579665","https://openalex.org/W3193729710","https://openalex.org/W3210239237","https://openalex.org/W3210415230","https://openalex.org/W4211264631","https://openalex.org/W4225723284","https://openalex.org/W4280490891","https://openalex.org/W4286544126","https://openalex.org/W4297032622","https://openalex.org/W4306362175","https://openalex.org/W4310007385","https://openalex.org/W4312284955","https://openalex.org/W4312941128","https://openalex.org/W4376481282","https://openalex.org/W4379232464","https://openalex.org/W4380763450","https://openalex.org/W4384338728","https://openalex.org/W4385152001","https://openalex.org/W4385498088","https://openalex.org/W4387119175","https://openalex.org/W4389544628","https://openalex.org/W4391742790","https://openalex.org/W4392248749","https://openalex.org/W4392445596","https://openalex.org/W4392719549","https://openalex.org/W6682132174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,100,146],"field":[1],"of":[2,45,60,77,113,159,188],"human":[3],"activity":[4],"recognition":[5],"(HAR)":[6],"using":[7,88,106],"channel":[8],"state":[9],"information":[10],"(CSI)":[11],"is":[12,104,125],"advancing":[13],"rapidly":[14],"through":[15],"recent":[16],"research.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19,70],"study,":[20],"we":[21],"propose":[22],"and":[23,28,40,80,86,95,119,122,144,167,193],"investigate":[24],"a":[25,46,96],"novel":[26],"lightweight":[27],"fast-response":[29],"gated":[30],"recurrent":[31],"unit":[32],"(LFR-GRU)":[33],"model":[34,103,154,217],"that":[35,150,213],"can":[36,210],"distinguish":[37],"continuous":[38,78],"dynamic":[39],"static":[41],"postures":[42,81],"over":[43],"time":[44],"person":[47],"without":[48],"electronic":[49],"devices":[50],"in":[51,69,82,186,225],"an":[52,89,156],"indoor":[53,226],"environment":[54],"by":[55],"utilizing":[56],"the":[57,75,151,214],"propagation":[58],"characteristics":[59,76],"Wi-Fi":[61,97],"signals.":[62],"CSI":[64],"time-series":[65,184],"amplitude":[66],"data":[67,166],"used":[68],"study":[71],"are":[72],"collected":[73],"from":[74],"movements":[79],"two":[83,173],"directions":[84],"(horizontal":[85],"vertical)":[87],"802.11n":[90],"Intel":[91],"network":[92],"interface":[93],"card":[94],"access":[98],"point.":[99],"proposed":[101,152,215],"LFR-GRU":[102,153,216],"evaluated":[105],"criteria":[107],"such":[108],"as":[109],"F1-score,":[110],"total":[111],"number":[112],"parameters,":[114],"learning":[115],"time,":[116],"processing":[117],"speed,":[118],"memory":[120,139],"usage,":[121],"its":[123],"performance":[124,180],"compared":[126,181],"with":[127,163,172],"conventionally":[128],"available":[129],"models":[130,185],"like":[131],"1D":[132],"convolutional":[133],"neural":[134],"networks":[135],"(CNNs),":[136],"long":[137],"short-term":[138],"(LSTM),":[140],"bidirectional":[141],"LSTM":[142],"(Bi-LSTM),":[143],"Bi-GRU.":[145],"experiment":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"achieved":[155],"F1-score":[157],"accuracy":[158,169],"94.16%":[160],"when":[161,170],"trained":[162,171],"one":[164],"person\u2019s":[165],"96%":[168],"people.":[174],"Additionally,":[175],"it":[176,209],"demonstrates":[177],"comprehensively":[178],"improved":[179],"to":[182,199,202,221],"other":[183],"terms":[187],"weight":[189],"reduction,":[190],"computational":[191],"cost,":[192],"fast":[194],"response":[195],"(the":[196],"model\u2019s":[197],"ability":[198],"respond":[200],"quickly":[201],"input)":[203],"speed.":[204],"Based":[205],"on":[206],"these":[207],"results,":[208],"be":[211],"confirmed":[212],"has":[218],"sufficient":[219],"potential":[220],"real-time":[222],"HAR":[223],"applications":[224],"environments.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}