{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407690907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3543244","title":"Performance Optimization in Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell: A Comparative Approach","display_name":"Performance Optimization in Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell: A Comparative Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407690907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3543244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3543244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3543244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3543244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038254772","display_name":"Ayaz Ahmed Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4551-3053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aisha Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4551-3053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081909663","display_name":"Pervez Hameed Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6472-2622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pervez Hameed Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020755631","display_name":"Shoaib Ahmed Khatri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-9065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoaib Ahmed Khatri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-9065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015866331","display_name":"Muhammad Ahsan Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-4469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hamza Shah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehra University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028324246","display_name":"Laveet Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-1695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laveet Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-1695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89260475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"40747","last_page":"40759"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10247","display_name":"Perovskite Materials and Applications","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10247","display_name":"Perovskite Materials and Applications","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9031000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.687731146812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perovskite","display_name":"Perovskite (structure)","score":0.5400870442390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-cell","display_name":"Solar cell","score":0.5054638385772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4600290060043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3286592662334442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.19290834665298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16330933570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering","display_name":"Chemical engineering","score":0.15005385875701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0934370756149292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.687731146812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155011858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036449","display_name":"Perovskite (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5400870442390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780824857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803","display_name":"Solar cell","level":2,"score":0.5054638385772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4600290060043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3286592662334442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.19290834665298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16330933570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15005385875701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0934370756149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3543244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3543244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8b6e4b3a4cf460486f390656cdfec8b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8b6e4b3a4cf460486f390656cdfec8b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 40747-40759 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30234472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3543244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3543244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1887143528","https://openalex.org/W2136291721","https://openalex.org/W2142233167","https://openalex.org/W2938751855","https://openalex.org/W2999215749","https://openalex.org/W3005886256","https://openalex.org/W3006656668","https://openalex.org/W3029299481","https://openalex.org/W3128517286","https://openalex.org/W3155601838","https://openalex.org/W3172200255","https://openalex.org/W4213437466","https://openalex.org/W4220703611","https://openalex.org/W4221014473","https://openalex.org/W4225496250","https://openalex.org/W4226060732","https://openalex.org/W4226369652","https://openalex.org/W4282561512","https://openalex.org/W4321595715","https://openalex.org/W4353094065","https://openalex.org/W4362678150","https://openalex.org/W4366607362","https://openalex.org/W4386883826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4404995717","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W2137437058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Perovskite":[0],"solar":[1,9,210],"cells":[2,10],"(PSCs)":[3],"technology":[4],"posses":[5],"potential":[6],"among":[7],"numerous":[8],"due":[11,26],"to":[12,27,104,168,187],"their":[13],"promising":[14],"sustainable":[15],"energy":[16],"solutions.":[17],"However,":[18],"commercial":[19],"viability":[20],"of":[21,49,79,88,121,128,134,139,148,181,194],"lead-based":[22],"perovskites":[23,34,51],"is":[24],"challenging":[25],"its":[28],"toxicity":[29],"and":[30,47,65,76,82,95,136,164,172,206],"stability":[31,48],"challenges.":[32],"Tin-based":[33],"have":[35],"shown":[36],"up":[37],"as":[38,71,118],"a":[39,124,131,137,188],"lead-free,":[40],"comparatively":[41],"excellent":[42],"alternative,":[43],"but":[44],"the":[45,80,96,112,149,162,182,192],"efficiency":[46,92,193],"tin":[50],"needs":[52],"further":[53],"optimization.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"study,":[57],"formamidinium":[58],"tin-based":[59],"PSC":[60,195],"was":[61,93],"simulated":[62],"using":[63],"SCAPS-1D":[64],"optimized":[66],"key":[67],"architectural":[68,183],"characteristics":[69],"such":[70,117],"thickness,":[72],"doping":[73],"concentration,":[74],"bandgap,":[75],"electron":[77,165],"affinity":[78,166],"absorber":[81,143],"charge":[83,150,156],"transport":[84,151],"layers.":[85],"The":[86],"effect":[87],"these":[89],"changes":[90],"on":[91],"examined,":[94],"experimental":[97],"outcomes":[98],"were":[99],"compared":[100],"with":[101,146],"existing":[102],"literature":[103],"determine":[105],"optimal":[106,109,115],"parameters.":[107],"These":[108,198],"variations":[110],"in":[111,154,161,191],"architecture":[113],"depicts":[114],"parameters":[116,184],"open-circuit":[119],"voltage":[120],"0.764":[122],"V,":[123],"short-circuit":[125],"current":[126],"density":[127],"25.28":[129],"mA/cm2,":[130],"fill":[132],"factor":[133],"73.26%":[135],"PCE":[138],"14.17%.":[140],"A":[141],"thicker":[142],"layer":[144],"combined":[145],"optimization":[147,180],"layers":[152],"resulted":[153],"reduced":[155],"recombination":[157],"losses.":[158],"Further":[159],"improvements":[160],"bandgap":[163],"led":[167],"better":[169],"energy-level":[170],"alignment":[171],"improved":[173],"performance.":[174],"This":[175],"paper":[176],"illustrates":[177],"that":[178],"careful":[179],"can":[185],"lead":[186],"significant":[189],"enhancement":[190],"for":[196,202],"tin.":[197],"studies":[199],"are":[200],"essential":[201],"developing":[203],"efficient,":[204],"non-toxic":[205],"potentially":[207],"scalable":[208],"lead-free":[209],"cells.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}