{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407449472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3541347","title":"Multi-Stage Neural Network-Based Ensemble Learning Approach for Wheat Leaf Disease Classification","display_name":"Multi-Stage Neural Network-Based Ensemble Learning Approach for Wheat Leaf Disease Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407449472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3541347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3541347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3541347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3541347","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106385759","display_name":"Samia Nawaz Yousafzai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7056-0180"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samia Nawaz Yousafzai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied INTelligence Lab (AINTLab), Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied INTelligence Lab (AINTLab), Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081536362","display_name":"Inzamam Mashood Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3578-0081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inzamam Mashood Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105017303","display_name":"Sara Tehsin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7302-413X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Tehsin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056931568","display_name":"Dania Saleem Malik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29698356","display_name":"HITEC University","ror":"https://ror.org/013d87239","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dania Saleem Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, HITEC University Taxila, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, HITEC University Taxila, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007643412","display_name":"Ismail Keshta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-5882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134359838","display_name":"Alfaisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cdrtq48","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767729","display_name":"Almaarefa University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s3s5518","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767729"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Keshta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Information Systems Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-5882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Information Systems Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134359838","https://openalex.org/I4391767729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025664920","display_name":"Norma Latif Fitriyani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1133-3965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norma Latif Fitriyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1133-3965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022731366","display_name":"Yeong Hyeon Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-9386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeonghyeon Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-9386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013291354","display_name":"Muhammad Syafrudin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Syafrudin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-4413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5106385759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":18.9272,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99337221,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"30101","last_page":"30116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9495999813079834,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6884407997131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.6237457990646362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6200996041297913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5717819929122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5274966955184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48929521441459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3698588013648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0944288969039917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6884407997131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6237457990646362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6200996041297913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5717819929122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5274966955184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48929521441459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3698588013648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0944288969039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3541347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3541347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61eb8afa6f6b495dac6d2201e2fc89b6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61eb8afa6f6b495dac6d2201e2fc89b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 30101-30116 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3541347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3541347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2169768163","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2337662535","https://openalex.org/W2610694136","https://openalex.org/W2611082894","https://openalex.org/W2765671382","https://openalex.org/W2766916509","https://openalex.org/W2945839634","https://openalex.org/W2954187519","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2978429020","https://openalex.org/W3001224656","https://openalex.org/W3005426330","https://openalex.org/W3011761179","https://openalex.org/W3015562698","https://openalex.org/W3018794639","https://openalex.org/W3019077823","https://openalex.org/W3019615476","https://openalex.org/W3024464598","https://openalex.org/W3035982802","https://openalex.org/W3039776238","https://openalex.org/W3040734937","https://openalex.org/W3045754018","https://openalex.org/W3047646350","https://openalex.org/W3092128289","https://openalex.org/W3097291122","https://openalex.org/W3104226202","https://openalex.org/W3107425599","https://openalex.org/W3110241650","https://openalex.org/W3111662681","https://openalex.org/W3118918304","https://openalex.org/W3134647767","https://openalex.org/W3162430276","https://openalex.org/W3162591082","https://openalex.org/W3165045544","https://openalex.org/W3174396058","https://openalex.org/W3176362379","https://openalex.org/W3184606750","https://openalex.org/W3195133177","https://openalex.org/W3197907151","https://openalex.org/W3204561964","https://openalex.org/W3207126641","https://openalex.org/W3213196529","https://openalex.org/W4211011341","https://openalex.org/W4213171864","https://openalex.org/W4224049216","https://openalex.org/W4225784317","https://openalex.org/W4249194678","https://openalex.org/W4285114773","https://openalex.org/W4289130229","https://openalex.org/W4291753147","https://openalex.org/W4291824831","https://openalex.org/W4294567971","https://openalex.org/W4294591782","https://openalex.org/W4296312166","https://openalex.org/W4297494792","https://openalex.org/W4307871206","https://openalex.org/W4309919941","https://openalex.org/W4310011660","https://openalex.org/W4317425876","https://openalex.org/W4323644159","https://openalex.org/W4360947430","https://openalex.org/W4367835725","https://openalex.org/W4382195690","https://openalex.org/W4385187199","https://openalex.org/W4387442162","https://openalex.org/W4390861258","https://openalex.org/W4393065844","https://openalex.org/W4405898844","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6854303454","https://openalex.org/W6884981946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329386257","https://openalex.org/W4376643315","https://openalex.org/W4324137541","https://openalex.org/W2900445707","https://openalex.org/W4285741730","https://openalex.org/W1191482210","https://openalex.org/W4285046548","https://openalex.org/W4210302090","https://openalex.org/W3092276832","https://openalex.org/W4375951447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0],"and":[1,8,22,26,69,128,156,167],"accurate":[2],"classification":[3],"of":[4,32,41,51,144,164,184],"wheat":[5,24,33,58,110],"leaf":[6,111],"diseases":[7,34,139],"their":[9,42],"severity":[10],"is":[11],"essential":[12],"for":[13,188],"precise":[14],"diagnosis,":[15],"effective":[16],"pesticide":[17],"application,":[18],"efficient":[19],"disease":[20,59,148,190],"control,":[21],"enhanced":[23],"production":[25],"quality.":[27],"Nevertheless,":[28],"the":[29,117,135,142,170,176,182,185],"wide":[30],"range":[31],"poses":[35],"a":[36,86,104,121,157],"significant":[37],"challenge":[38],"in":[39,45,57,75,116],"terms":[40],"identification,":[43],"especially":[44],"intricate":[46],"agricultural":[47],"landscapes.":[48],"The":[49,113,150],"utilization":[50],"conventional":[52],"models":[53,102],"has":[54],"major":[55],"limitations":[56],"detection,":[60],"including":[61],"dataset-specific":[62],"performance,":[63],"overfitting":[64],"due":[65],"to":[66,108,124],"limited":[67],"data,":[68],"high":[70],"computational":[71],"needs,":[72],"making":[73],"deployment":[74],"resource-constrained":[76],"situations":[77],"difficult.":[78],"To":[79],"address":[80],"these":[81],"challenges,":[82],"this":[83],"research":[84],"proposes":[85],"multi-stage":[87],"Convolutional":[88],"Neural":[89],"Network":[90],"(CNN)":[91],"based":[92],"Ensemble":[93],"Learning":[94],"(EL)":[95],"approach,":[96],"which":[97],"utilizes":[98],"several":[99],"concurrent":[100],"CNN":[101],"with":[103],"bagged":[105],"EL":[106,118],"method":[107],"classify":[109],"diseases.":[112],"various":[114],"stages":[115],"approach":[119],"employ":[120],"multi-level":[122],"framework":[123],"enhance":[125],"feature":[126],"extraction":[127],"capture":[129],"complex":[130,145],"data":[131],"patterns.":[132],"This":[133],"improves":[134],"model\u2019s":[136],"emphasis":[137],"on":[138,147,169],"while":[140],"reducing":[141],"influence":[143],"backgrounds":[146],"identification.":[149],"proposed":[151,186],"method,":[152],"integrating":[153],"pretrained":[154],"CNNs":[155],"bagging":[158],"ensemble":[159],"technique,":[160],"achieved":[161],"an":[162],"accuracy":[163],"86.78%,":[165],"98.28%,":[166],"99.16%":[168],"three":[171],"publicly":[172],"available":[173],"datasets,":[174],"outperforming":[175],"state-of-the-art":[177],"models.":[178],"These":[179],"results":[180],"demonstrate":[181],"potential":[183],"model":[187],"real-time":[189],"diagnosis.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}