{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407213053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539569","title":"A Transformer-Based Multimodal Object Detection System for Real-World Applications","display_name":"A Transformer-Based Multimodal Object Detection System for Real-World Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407213053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3539569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539569","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053101320","display_name":"Sunnia Ikram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7094-9583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunnia Ikram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7094-9583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000825807","display_name":"Imran Sarwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Sarwar Bajwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016810573","display_name":"Amna Ikram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4848-5070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800060998","display_name":"Government Sadiq College Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zp49f50","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800060998"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Ikram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The Government Sadiq College Women University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4848-5070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The Government Sadiq College Women University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800060998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009252576","display_name":"M. Abdullah\u2010Al\u2010Wadud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","College of Computing and Information science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-3574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076469327","display_name":"Haleema","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I882627180","display_name":"Ras al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qrax274","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I882627180"]}],"countries":["AE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haleema Pk","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, RAK Branch Campus, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London - RAK Branch Campus, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-8536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, RAK Branch Campus, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I882627180"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London - RAK Branch Campus, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053101320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":45.7929,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99692588,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"29162","last_page":"29176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.6159999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.6159999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.6050000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.5820000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6815924644470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5111079812049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.486736536026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33271998167037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32424503564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3145565986633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.24084380269050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11958983540534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11265730857849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11229333281517029}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6815924644470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5111079812049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.486736536026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33271998167037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32424503564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3145565986633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.24084380269050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11958983540534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11265730857849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11229333281517029}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3539569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uwl.ac.uk:13279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402477","display_name":"UWL Repository (University of West London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","host_organization_name":"University of West London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:87b86d656d54411990cd892b4f29869f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/87b86d656d54411990cd892b4f29869f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 29162-29176 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3539569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8747033456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSPD2025R951","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952379691","https://openalex.org/W3127646871","https://openalex.org/W3172863135","https://openalex.org/W3188644566","https://openalex.org/W4206390144","https://openalex.org/W4210550090","https://openalex.org/W4212869858","https://openalex.org/W4220949033","https://openalex.org/W4225323863","https://openalex.org/W4280651715","https://openalex.org/W4281716124","https://openalex.org/W4289355911","https://openalex.org/W4310061562","https://openalex.org/W4321787062","https://openalex.org/W4324290760","https://openalex.org/W4372269002","https://openalex.org/W4385688599","https://openalex.org/W4390663385","https://openalex.org/W4391403925","https://openalex.org/W4391889581","https://openalex.org/W4391994224","https://openalex.org/W4392543906","https://openalex.org/W4392941748","https://openalex.org/W4393034741","https://openalex.org/W4393253901","https://openalex.org/W4393294849","https://openalex.org/W4393972867","https://openalex.org/W4399199175","https://openalex.org/W4399422304","https://openalex.org/W4401416652","https://openalex.org/W4403863953","https://openalex.org/W4404983384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Obstacle":[0],"detection":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,96,123,138,174,201],"critical":[4],"task":[5],"for":[6,39,49,86,114,231],"visually":[7,194,232],"impaired":[8,195,233],"individuals":[9,234],"to":[10,32,75,101,147,193],"ensure":[11],"safe":[12],"navigation":[13,191,230],"and":[14,29,52,59,62,82,104,111,156,171,218,235,241],"hazard":[15],"avoidance.":[16],"This":[17,141,224],"study":[18,225],"presents":[19],"FusionSight,":[20],"an":[21,45,208],"innovative":[22],"multimodal":[23,204],"fusion":[24,142],"model":[25,146,199],"that":[26],"integrates":[27],"radar":[28,58],"image":[30,60,67],"data":[31,50,92,205],"address":[33],"challenges":[34,150],"in":[35,203],"real-time":[36,190,222],"object":[37,88,116],"classification":[38,180,210],"dynamic":[40,240],"environments.":[41,243],"The":[42,160,179,197],"system":[43],"leverages":[44],"Arduino":[46],"Uni":[47],"microcontroller":[48],"acquisition":[51],"transmission,":[53],"enabling":[54],"seamless":[55],"communication":[56],"between":[57],"datasets":[61],"the":[63,69,132,145,227],"cloud":[64],"environment.":[65],"For":[66],"data,":[68],"Vision":[70],"Transformer":[71,127],"(ViT)":[72],"was":[73,93,129],"employed":[74],"extract":[76,102],"high-level":[77],"features,":[78],"capturing":[79],"fine":[80],"details":[81],"long-range":[83],"dependencies":[84],"essential":[85],"accurate":[87],"recognition.":[89],"Concurrently.":[90],"Radar":[91],"processed":[94],"using":[95,173,215],"Convolutional":[97],"Neural":[98,176],"Network":[99,177],"(CNN)":[100],"spatial":[103],"temporal":[105],"features":[106,136,162],"such":[107,151],"as":[108,152],"distance,":[109],"speed":[110],"velocity":[112],"critically":[113],"understanding":[115],"dynamics.":[117],"To":[118],"unify":[119],"these":[120],"diverse":[121],"modalities,":[122],"Feature":[124],"Fusion":[125],"Multimodal":[126],"(FFMA)":[128],"utilized,":[130],"facilitating":[131],"integration":[133],"of":[134,212],"complementary":[135],"into":[137,165,185],"comprehensive":[139],"representation.":[140],"mechanism":[143],"enables":[144],"effectively":[148],"handle":[149],"occlusion,":[153],"overlapping":[154],"objects":[155],"varying":[157],"lighting":[158],"conditions.":[159],"unified":[161],"were":[163,182],"classified":[164],"four":[166],"categories":[167],"\u201cclose,":[168],"far,":[169],"moving":[170],"fast-moving\u201d":[172],"Feed-Forward":[175],"(FFN).":[178],"results":[181],"then":[183],"converted":[184],"actionable":[186],"audible":[187],"feedback,":[188],"providing":[189],"assistance":[192],"users.":[196],"FusionSight":[198],"set":[200],"benchmark":[202],"fusion,":[206],"achieving":[207],"impressive":[209],"accuracy":[211,220],"99%":[213],"when":[214],"static":[216],"dataset":[217],"98%":[219],"with":[221],"dataset.":[223],"demonstrates":[226],"practical":[228],"implementation":[229],"other":[236],"use":[237],"cases":[238],"involving":[239],"complex":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}