{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407128319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538585","title":"Interpretable Machine Learning Models for PISA Results in Mathematics","display_name":"Interpretable Machine Learning Models for PISA Results in Mathematics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407128319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538585","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092996387","display_name":"Ismael G\u00f3mez-Talal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-8193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182083151","display_name":"Universidad Rey Juan Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5cv687","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ismael G\u00f3mez-Talal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain","Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s/n, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-8193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s/n, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082609425","display_name":"Luis Bote-Curiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-2834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182083151","display_name":"Universidad Rey Juan Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5cv687","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Bote-Curiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain","Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s/n, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-2834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s/n, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051286582","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Rojo\u2010\u00c1lvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-8912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182083151","display_name":"Universidad Rey Juan Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5cv687","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Rojo-\u00c1lvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain","Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s/n, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-8912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Systems and Computation, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s/n, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092996387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.2841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9610297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"27371","last_page":"27397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14470","display_name":"Advanced Data Processing Techniques","score":0.8057000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14470","display_name":"Advanced Data Processing Techniques","score":0.8057000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.6898000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6221427917480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5380757451057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4615374505519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4428562521934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-instruction","display_name":"Computer aided instruction","score":0.415652871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24698004126548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.15096434950828552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6221427917480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5380757451057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4615374505519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4428562521934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986849125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer aided instruction","level":2,"score":0.415652871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24698004126548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.15096434950828552}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce17ce21e93641ed981df9bd1f9b7a42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce17ce21e93641ed981df9bd1f9b7a42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 27371-27397 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8690298580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2022-140786NB-C32/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W812069187","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1797761079","https://openalex.org/W1984460531","https://openalex.org/W2008973833","https://openalex.org/W2012805784","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2490662969","https://openalex.org/W2603631340","https://openalex.org/W2749959226","https://openalex.org/W2788255612","https://openalex.org/W2890001704","https://openalex.org/W2933897566","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3023289764","https://openalex.org/W3025872148","https://openalex.org/W3036958536","https://openalex.org/W3082455399","https://openalex.org/W3091174744","https://openalex.org/W3106636133","https://openalex.org/W3107380528","https://openalex.org/W3174485273","https://openalex.org/W3191471512","https://openalex.org/W3201153983","https://openalex.org/W4206696360","https://openalex.org/W4210315303","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4281571255","https://openalex.org/W4289525049","https://openalex.org/W4294590177","https://openalex.org/W4300337452","https://openalex.org/W4313590056","https://openalex.org/W4323663635","https://openalex.org/W4378714348","https://openalex.org/W4379014030","https://openalex.org/W4385520349","https://openalex.org/W4388291395","https://openalex.org/W4388550527","https://openalex.org/W4390083045","https://openalex.org/W4391998588","https://openalex.org/W4399175892","https://openalex.org/W4399800279","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4402666794","https://openalex.org/W4402808673","https://openalex.org/W4403873331","https://openalex.org/W6637572315","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6748816842","https://openalex.org/W6774701883","https://openalex.org/W6878779269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,217],"Program":[1],"for":[2,12,205],"International":[3],"Student":[4],"Assessment":[5],"(PISA)":[6],"2022":[7],"provides":[8],"a":[9,19,100,210],"global":[10],"framework":[11],"assessing":[13],"educational":[14,65,215],"performance":[15,28,61,129],"worldwide.":[16],"We":[17,166,193],"addressed":[18],"principled":[20],"observation":[21],"of":[22,59,106,154,213,219,239],"characteristics":[23],"and":[24,67,84,88,141,162,189,203,208,232],"disparities":[25],"in":[26,126,138,159],"Mathematics":[27,60,191],"among":[29],"Spanish":[30],"adolescents":[31],"while":[32],"showing":[33,135],"the":[34,75,104,121,148,160,168,175,214,236],"factors":[35],"influencing":[36],"these":[37],"results.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"this":[41,221],"question,":[42],"we":[43,78],"proposed":[44],"using":[45],"advanced":[46],"Machine":[47],"Learning":[48],"techniques":[49],"through":[50],"possibly":[51],"non-linear":[52],"predictive":[53,96,109],"models":[54,93,110,125],"that":[55,69,120,229],"identify":[56],"key":[57],"drivers":[58],"to":[62,94,113,173,186,223,225,235],"inform":[63],"data-driven":[64],"policies":[66],"interventions":[68],"improve":[70],"learning":[71],"outcomes.":[72],"By":[73],"preprocessing":[74],"PISA":[76],"dataset,":[77],"categorized":[79],"students":[80,158],"into":[81],"Low,":[82],"Medium,":[83],"High":[85,163],"proficiency":[86,132,164],"levels":[87],"employed":[89],"various":[90,131],"binary":[91],"classification":[92],"discern":[95],"patterns.":[97],"In":[98],"addition,":[99],"stacking":[101],"meta-model":[102,122,149],"integrating":[103],"strengths":[105],"eight":[107],"distinct":[108],"was":[111],"developed":[112],"enhance":[114],"prediction":[115],"accuracy.":[116],"Our":[117],"results":[118],"demonstrated":[119],"outperforms":[123],"individual":[124],"predicting":[127],"student":[128],"across":[130],"levels,":[133],"consistently":[134],"superior":[136],"metrics":[137],"Precision,":[139],"Recall,":[140],"Area":[142],"Under":[143],"Curve":[144],"(AUC)":[145],"scores.":[146],"Specifically,":[147],"achieved":[150],"an":[151,196,226],"AUC":[152],"score":[153],"0.9766":[155],"when":[156],"classifying":[157],"Low":[161],"categories.":[165],"adopted":[167],"Shapley":[169],"Additive":[170],"exPlanations":[171],"method":[172],"demystify":[174],"model":[176],"decisions,":[177],"highlighting":[178],"significant":[179],"predictors":[180],"such":[181],"as":[182],"grade":[183],"repetition,":[184],"access":[185],"digital":[187],"devices,":[188],"extracurricular":[190],"classes.":[192],"also":[194],"introduced":[195],"interactive":[197],"dashboard,":[198],"harnessing":[199],"Uniform":[200],"Manifold":[201],"Approximation":[202],"Projection":[204],"dimensionality":[206],"reduction":[207],"enabling":[209],"granular":[211],"view":[212],"landscape.":[216],"intention":[218],"all":[220],"is":[222,230],"contribute":[224],"education":[227],"system":[228],"well-informed":[231],"effectively":[233],"adapts":[234],"diverse":[237],"needs":[238],"students.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
