{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407097759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538170","title":"Class Imbalance in Network Traffic Classification: An Adaptive Weight Ensemble-of-Ensemble Learning Method","display_name":"Class Imbalance in Network Traffic Classification: An Adaptive Weight Ensemble-of-Ensemble Learning Method","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407097759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538170","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055009495","display_name":"Mahmoud Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-8284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085911243","display_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n L\u00f3pez Fl\u00f3rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8890-9184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n L\u00f3pez Fl\u00f3rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074194994","display_name":"Amin Shahraki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-9968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Shahraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081026876","display_name":"Amir Taherkordi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1672-054X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Taherkordi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029218215","display_name":"Javier Prieto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8175-2201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Prieto","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070935465","display_name":"Juan M. Corchado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-1829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan M. Corchado","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055009495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":14.9093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98508739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"26171","last_page":"26192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7421770691871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.7379705905914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.579990804195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.47433704137802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4705807566642761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7421770691871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.7379705905914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.579990804195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47433704137802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4705807566642761}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gredos.usal.es:10366/166192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196290","display_name":"Gredos (University of Salamanca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5825730410f54b069c5128bd6c71951e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5825730410f54b069c5128bd6c71951e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 26171-26192 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3538170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G967352500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"953442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012095206","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2104167780","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2800828017","https://openalex.org/W2892460540","https://openalex.org/W2895926968","https://openalex.org/W2896480277","https://openalex.org/W2908297277","https://openalex.org/W2908465383","https://openalex.org/W2943456202","https://openalex.org/W2963468261","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W3039673966","https://openalex.org/W3088046302","https://openalex.org/W3127161477","https://openalex.org/W3129726290","https://openalex.org/W3130978103","https://openalex.org/W3156522613","https://openalex.org/W3165582150","https://openalex.org/W3194033484","https://openalex.org/W3199790628","https://openalex.org/W3205323312","https://openalex.org/W4285199572","https://openalex.org/W4285208255","https://openalex.org/W4285407663","https://openalex.org/W4288075232","https://openalex.org/W4292387278","https://openalex.org/W4296079469","https://openalex.org/W4296229353","https://openalex.org/W4312935532","https://openalex.org/W4313421210","https://openalex.org/W4321020904","https://openalex.org/W4321240473","https://openalex.org/W4323022413","https://openalex.org/W4327750468","https://openalex.org/W4376619756","https://openalex.org/W4377042702","https://openalex.org/W4385557349","https://openalex.org/W4387078716","https://openalex.org/W4387245207","https://openalex.org/W4387448885","https://openalex.org/W4387682112","https://openalex.org/W4387955726","https://openalex.org/W4390738572","https://openalex.org/W4393166975","https://openalex.org/W4394841935","https://openalex.org/W4394862923","https://openalex.org/W4395469334","https://openalex.org/W4396773505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Traffic":[1],"Classification":[2],"(NTC)":[3],"serves":[4],"as":[5,49,92],"a":[6,46,106,120,193],"crucial":[7],"element":[8],"in":[9,16,37,75,135,161,187],"network":[10,28,34,79,168,197],"management,":[11],"and":[12,129,178,184],"the":[13,21,76,85,112,125,145],"rapid":[14],"progress":[15],"machine":[17],"learning":[18,24],"has":[19,54],"inspired":[20],"utilization":[22],"of":[23,33,78,115,148,155,196],"methods":[25],"to":[26,67,96,131],"discern":[27],"traffic.":[29],"The":[30,99],"inherent":[31],"characteristics":[32],"traffics":[35],"result":[36],"uneven":[38],"class":[39,50,68,163,189],"distributions":[40],"when":[41],"datasets":[42,143],"are":[43],"shaped,":[44],"creating":[45],"phenomenon":[47,53],"known":[48],"imbalance.":[51],"This":[52,82],"garnered":[55],"growing":[56],"attention":[57],"across":[58,166,192],"various":[59],"research":[60],"fields.":[61],"Despite":[62],"encountering":[63],"performance":[64,147,186],"setbacks":[65],"attributed":[66],"imbalance,":[69],"this":[70,97],"challenge":[71],"remains":[72],"inadequately":[73],"examined":[74],"realm":[77],"traffic":[80,169,198],"classification.":[81],"paper":[83],"introduces":[84],"Adaptive":[86],"Weight":[87],"Ensemble-of-Ensemble":[88],"Learning":[89],"(AWEE)":[90],"method":[91],"an":[93,151],"innovative":[94],"solution":[95],"challenge.":[98],"AWEE":[100,149],"integrates":[101],"multiple":[102],"ensemble":[103],"layers":[104],"with":[105],"dynamic":[107,136],"weight":[108],"adjustment":[109],"mechanism,":[110],"showcasing":[111,181],"collaborative":[113],"intelligence":[114],"diverse":[116,167],"modeling":[117],"strategies.":[118],"Using":[119],"sliding":[121],"window-based":[122],"validation":[123],"approach,":[124],"model":[126],"enhances":[127],"adaptability":[128],"robustness":[130,183],"address":[132],"concept":[133],"drift":[134],"data":[137],"streams.":[138],"Experimental":[139],"studies":[140],"on":[141],"benchmark":[142],"demonstrate":[144],"superior":[146,185],"(achieving":[150],"outstanding":[152],"accuracy":[153],"rate":[154],"over":[156],"98%),":[157],"highlighting":[158],"its":[159,182],"effectiveness":[160],"handling":[162],"imbalance":[164,190],"challenges":[165,191],"scenarios.":[170,199],"AWEE,":[171],"outperforms":[172],"competitive":[173],"methods,":[174],"including":[175],"algorithmic-level,":[176],"cost-sensitive,":[177],"data-level":[179],"techniques,":[180],"addressing":[188],"wide":[194],"range":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
