{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407097851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3537800","title":"Navigating the Challenges and Opportunities of Securing Internet of Autonomous Vehicles With Lightweight Authentication","display_name":"Navigating the Challenges and Opportunities of Securing Internet of Autonomous Vehicles With Lightweight Authentication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407097851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3537800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3537800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3537800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3537800","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877561","display_name":"Hazem Ismail Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1342-4227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I746986","display_name":"Halmstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h0qfp10","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazem Ismail Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Electronics for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","Department for Computing and Electronics for Real-time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1342-4227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Electronics for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Computing and Electronics for Real-time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079005927","display_name":"Harrison Kurunathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-1213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harrison Kurunathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISTER/ISEP, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal","CISTER/ISEP, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-1213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISTER/ISEP, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISTER/ISEP, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000938190","display_name":"Mohamed Hamdy Eldefrawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-5152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I746986","display_name":"Halmstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h0qfp10","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Hamdy Eldefrawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Electronics for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","Department for Computing and Electronics for Real-time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-5152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Electronics for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Computing and Electronics for Real-time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076838369","display_name":"Flavius Gruian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1739-3384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flavius Gruian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1739-3384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101801173","display_name":"Magnus J\u00f6nsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-3931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I746986","display_name":"Halmstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h0qfp10","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Jonsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Electronics for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","Department for Computing and Electronics for Real-time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-3931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Electronics for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Computing and Electronics for Real-time and Embedded Systems (CERES), School of Information Technology (ITE), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I746986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.8649,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97643027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"24207","last_page":"24222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.7968000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.7968000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.7520999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.7495999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6587219834327698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6385705471038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5735515356063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5569615960121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.40247833728790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35629069805145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2603378891944885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6587219834327698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6385705471038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5735515356063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5569615960121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.40247833728790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35629069805145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2603378891944885}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3537800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3537800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:715b7f7cb3434557b46b4282d215dee4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/715b7f7cb3434557b46b4282d215dee4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 24207-24222 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:9270834d-62c8-4cba-ab54-344a62d89188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/9270834d-62c8-4cba-ab54-344a62d89188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2169-3536","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3537800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3537800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562228826","https://openalex.org/W1754999230","https://openalex.org/W2010939995","https://openalex.org/W2080198252","https://openalex.org/W2087288333","https://openalex.org/W2164033372","https://openalex.org/W2607413219","https://openalex.org/W2620604911","https://openalex.org/W2755237084","https://openalex.org/W2764151937","https://openalex.org/W2785435926","https://openalex.org/W2790396095","https://openalex.org/W2891145179","https://openalex.org/W2901126201","https://openalex.org/W2908550123","https://openalex.org/W2935718310","https://openalex.org/W2938818743","https://openalex.org/W2944707874","https://openalex.org/W2946769399","https://openalex.org/W2968415518","https://openalex.org/W2969370929","https://openalex.org/W2969927404","https://openalex.org/W2973454102","https://openalex.org/W2979779867","https://openalex.org/W3008336598","https://openalex.org/W3010998992","https://openalex.org/W3034472724","https://openalex.org/W3034579948","https://openalex.org/W3035419196","https://openalex.org/W3045980446","https://openalex.org/W3046048699","https://openalex.org/W3057898108","https://openalex.org/W3081118631","https://openalex.org/W3084254285","https://openalex.org/W3085854806","https://openalex.org/W3089923043","https://openalex.org/W3090958859","https://openalex.org/W3094872076","https://openalex.org/W3156324587","https://openalex.org/W3160830781","https://openalex.org/W3171142246","https://openalex.org/W3198295470","https://openalex.org/W3200124411","https://openalex.org/W3212202911","https://openalex.org/W3217654431","https://openalex.org/W4200235077","https://openalex.org/W4214507267","https://openalex.org/W4220855457","https://openalex.org/W4226170007","https://openalex.org/W4248590438","https://openalex.org/W4291653298","https://openalex.org/W4293222193","https://openalex.org/W4313201990","https://openalex.org/W4318328343","https://openalex.org/W4319878524","https://openalex.org/W4323520958","https://openalex.org/W4327778802","https://openalex.org/W4360604870","https://openalex.org/W4365801692","https://openalex.org/W4385324090","https://openalex.org/W4385477975","https://openalex.org/W4385486297","https://openalex.org/W4385489158","https://openalex.org/W4385730904","https://openalex.org/W4388105665","https://openalex.org/W4388709679","https://openalex.org/W4388784269","https://openalex.org/W4390670939","https://openalex.org/W4390830728","https://openalex.org/W4390905877","https://openalex.org/W4392080538","https://openalex.org/W4392169182","https://openalex.org/W4392196180","https://openalex.org/W4394002060","https://openalex.org/W4394602733","https://openalex.org/W4394676724","https://openalex.org/W4395678333","https://openalex.org/W4396829623","https://openalex.org/W4397026335","https://openalex.org/W4399767553","https://openalex.org/W4399994836","https://openalex.org/W4400727694","https://openalex.org/W4400854886","https://openalex.org/W4400904554","https://openalex.org/W6704266894","https://openalex.org/W6799046403","https://openalex.org/W6853732598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065457896","https://openalex.org/W3173234801","https://openalex.org/W2167984027","https://openalex.org/W3021302227","https://openalex.org/W10630519","https://openalex.org/W1919377569","https://openalex.org/W3144288563","https://openalex.org/W3123907821","https://openalex.org/W2382319620","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55,74],"Internet":[1,33,56],"of":[2,11,57,64,77,119,130,152],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"can":[5],"be":[6,98],"defined":[7],"as":[8,34,89,172],"the":[9,32,42,78,116,120,127,145,150,153,159],"network":[10],"physical":[12],"objects,":[13],"or":[14],"\u201cthings,\u201d":[15],"embedded":[16],"with":[17,26],"sensors":[18],"and":[19,23,29,92,123],"software":[20],"for":[21,107],"processing":[22],"exchanging":[24],"data":[25],"other":[27],"devices":[28],"ecosystems":[30],"using":[31],"a":[35,62,173],"medium.":[36],"With":[37],"its":[38],"rapid":[39],"growth":[40],"over":[41],"past":[43],"decade,":[44],"it":[45],"has":[46],"permeated":[47],"several":[48],"application":[49],"domains,":[50],"including":[51],"intelligent":[52],"vehicular":[53],"systems.":[54],"Autonomous":[58],"Vehicles":[59],"(IoAV)":[60],"is":[61],"subset":[63],"IoT":[65,109],"that":[66],"envisions":[67],"dynamic":[68,75],"autonomous":[69,82],"driving":[70],"without":[71],"human":[72],"intervention.":[73],"nature":[76],"environment":[79],"in":[80],"which":[81],"vehicles":[83],"operate":[84],"introduces":[85],"significant":[86],"challenges,":[87],"such":[88],"real-time":[90],"communication":[91],"security":[93,133,162],"vulnerabilities.":[94],"These":[95,135],"challenges":[96],"cannot":[97],"directly":[99],"addressed":[100],"by":[101],"standard":[102],"cybersecurity":[103],"solutions":[104],"designed":[105],"primarily":[106],"static":[108],"environments.":[110],"In":[111],"this":[112],"work,":[113],"we":[114,124],"outline":[115],"various":[117],"vulnerabilities":[118],"IoAV":[121,154],"systems,":[122],"delve":[125],"into":[126],"critical":[128],"importance":[129],"adopting":[131],"lightweight":[132,161],"protocols.":[134],"protocols":[136,163],"are":[137],"crucial":[138],"to":[139,176],"ensure":[140],"robust":[141],"protection":[142],"while":[143],"at":[144],"same":[146],"time":[147],"not":[148],"jeopardizing":[149],"performance":[151],"system.":[155],"We":[156],"also":[157],"highlight":[158],"fast":[160],"implemented":[164],"on":[165],"heterogeneous":[166],"embedded,":[167],"low-power,":[168],"high-performance":[169],"computing":[170],"platforms":[171],"viable":[174],"solution":[175],"address":[177],"these":[178],"challenges.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}