{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406947467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3536281","title":"Optimizing Energy and Spectral Efficiency in Mobile Networks: A Comprehensive Energy Sustainability Framework for Network Operators","display_name":"Optimizing Energy and Spectral Efficiency in Mobile Networks: A Comprehensive Energy Sustainability Framework for Network Operators","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406947467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3536281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3536281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3536281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3536281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030005104","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Mata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-9156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu\u00eds Mata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051755335","display_name":"Marco Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081258184","display_name":"Pedro Vieira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-8741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Vieira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067309569","display_name":"Maria Paula Queluz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0266-4022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Paula Queluz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079526906","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 Torre Norte - Piso 10, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030005104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.4625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80338236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"22342","last_page":"22364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6578437089920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.599111795425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5392900705337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4923304319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3590605854988098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10953232645988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08524122834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08336642384529114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6578437089920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.599111795425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5392900705337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4923304319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3590605854988098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10953232645988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08524122834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08336642384529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3536281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3536281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa4eb9c6e5de4fa7b70a752d0601225e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa4eb9c6e5de4fa7b70a752d0601225e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 22342-22364 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3536281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3536281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183625566","https://openalex.org/W1516659296","https://openalex.org/W2097749765","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2684278524","https://openalex.org/W2751420928","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2964520230","https://openalex.org/W3013206168","https://openalex.org/W3025048143","https://openalex.org/W3034408430","https://openalex.org/W3092492026","https://openalex.org/W3093581242","https://openalex.org/W3105501232","https://openalex.org/W3114164475","https://openalex.org/W3142848995","https://openalex.org/W3197648598","https://openalex.org/W3206048862","https://openalex.org/W3210892701","https://openalex.org/W3215777897","https://openalex.org/W4205380553","https://openalex.org/W4225725726","https://openalex.org/W4293057416","https://openalex.org/W4312391436","https://openalex.org/W4316660971","https://openalex.org/W4322730831","https://openalex.org/W4328007725","https://openalex.org/W4379233631","https://openalex.org/W4382677476","https://openalex.org/W4386072112","https://openalex.org/W4387063520","https://openalex.org/W4389080298","https://openalex.org/W4389195056","https://openalex.org/W4390730554","https://openalex.org/W4392392407","https://openalex.org/W4398151422","https://openalex.org/W4399311133","https://openalex.org/W4399526723","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6749029207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,182],"urgent":[1],"need":[2],"to":[3,29,60,72,95,144,168],"meet":[4],"Environmental,":[5],"Social,":[6],"and":[7,11,42,80,99,111,120,137,152,203,214,253,267],"Governance":[8],"net-zero":[9],"commitments":[10],"the":[12,34,43,86,97,126,162,170,174,189,200,221,233,251,272,283],"financial":[13],"risks":[14],"posed":[15],"by":[16,292],"rising":[17],"energy":[18,31,36,56,81,100,121,176],"costs,":[19],"are":[20,50,65],"placing":[21],"increasing":[22],"pressure":[23],"on":[24,226,241],"Mobile":[25],"Network":[26],"Operators":[27],"(MNOs)":[28],"optimise":[30],"use.":[32],"Given":[33],"significant":[35],"consumption":[37,57],"from":[38,67],"Base":[39],"Stations":[40],"(BSs)":[41],"fact":[44],"that":[45,76,275],"Fifth":[46],"Generation":[47,62],"(5G)":[48],"deployments":[49],"not":[51],"meeting":[52],"expectations":[53],"for":[54,211,216,299],"reduced":[55,228],"when":[58],"compared":[59],"Fourth":[61],"(4G),":[63],"MNOs":[64],"shifting":[66],"a":[68,73,92,227,286],"load-centric":[69],"optimisation":[70],"approach":[71],"service-centric":[74],"paradigm":[75],"balances":[77],"spectral":[78,98],"efficiency":[79,122],"efficiency.":[82],"This":[83,113],"paper":[84],"introduces":[85],"Energy":[87,153,222],"Sustainability":[88,223],"Framework,":[89],"which":[90],"provides":[91],"composite":[93],"index":[94],"evaluate":[96],"efficiencies":[101],"of":[102,129,209,230,246,285],"BSs,":[103],"summarised":[104],"across":[105],"four":[106],"classes:":[107],"A,":[108],"B,":[109],"C,":[110],"D.":[112],"framework":[114,163,183],"supports":[115],"network":[116,265,303],"auditing,":[117],"benchmarking,":[118],"monitoring,":[119],"optimization":[123],"while":[124],"ensuring":[125],"desired":[127],"Quality":[128],"Service":[130],"(QoS).":[131],"By":[132],"leveraging":[133],"Machine":[134],"Learning":[135],"(ML)":[136],"Explainable":[138],"Artificial":[139],"Intelligence":[140],"(XAI)":[141],"techniques":[142],"applied":[143,187],"live":[145],"data":[146],"-":[147,157],"including":[148],"Performance":[149],"Management":[150,154],"(PM)":[151],"(EM)":[155],"metrics":[156],"integrated":[158],"with":[159],"domain":[160,242],"expertise,":[161,243],"goes":[164],"beyond":[165],"deterministic":[166],"computation":[167],"identify":[169],"root-cause":[171],"factors":[172],"influencing":[173],"BSs\u2019":[175],"class,":[177],"thereby":[178],"enabling":[179],"targeted":[180],"optimisation.":[181],"can":[184],"be":[185],"flexibly":[186],"at":[188],"location":[190],"(site),":[191],"BS":[192,287],"(cell),":[193],"or":[194],"equipment":[195],"type":[196],"(hardware)":[197],"levels.":[198],"Notably,":[199],"implemented":[201],"ML":[202],"XAI":[204],"model":[205],"achieved":[206],"an":[207],"F1-Score":[208],"0.78":[210],"5G":[212],"scenarios":[213,218],"0.83":[215],"4G":[217],"in":[219],"predicting":[220],"Class,":[224],"relying":[225],"set":[229],"indicators":[231],"encompassing":[232],"most":[234],"influential":[235],"factors.":[236],"An":[237],"additional":[238],"analysis,":[239],"based":[240],"provided":[244],"evidence":[245],"potential":[247],"causal":[248],"relationships":[249],"between":[250],"class":[252,290],"observed":[254],"variables":[255],"involving":[256],"channel":[257],"quality,":[258],"Multiple":[259,261],"Input":[260],"Output":[262],"(MIMO)":[263],"utilisation,":[264],"topology":[266],"energy-saving":[268],"functionalities.":[269],"For":[270],"example,":[271],"results":[273],"show":[274],"using":[276],"higher":[277],"order":[278],"modulation":[279],"coding":[280],"schemes":[281],"reduces":[282],"probability":[284],"falling":[288],"into":[289],"D":[291],"50%.":[293],"These":[294],"findings":[295],"provide":[296],"practical":[297],"insights":[298],"developing":[300],"more":[301],"sustainable":[302],"operations.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-01-30T00:00:00"}