{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406857591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3535093","title":"<i>C\u2099</i>\u00b2 Modeling for Free-Space Optical Communications: A Review","display_name":"<i>C\u2099</i>\u00b2 Modeling for Free-Space Optical Communications: A Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406857591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3535093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3535093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3535093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3535093","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022206476","display_name":"Florian Quatresooz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6236-2504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florian Quatresooz","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM, Universit&#x00E9; catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM, Universit&#x00E9; catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034818559","display_name":"Claude Oestges","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0902-4565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Oestges","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM, Universit&#x00E9; catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM, Universit&#x00E9; catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022206476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.9755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95949907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"21279","last_page":"21305"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9218000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4833783507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.4631556570529938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4566880464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3604857623577118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2091468870639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09048014879226685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4833783507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.4631556570529938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4566880464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3604857623577118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2091468870639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09048014879226685}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3535093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3535093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:302083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/302083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400166","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800384882","host_organization_name":"Harris County Public Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800384882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol. 13, p. 21279-21305 (2025)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ddc25fa17e041db8d54a0e381b2fc5b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ddc25fa17e041db8d54a0e381b2fc5b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 21279-21305 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3535093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3535093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":147,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2892169","https://openalex.org/W141407611","https://openalex.org/W765673983","https://openalex.org/W1490789150","https://openalex.org/W1500041086","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1592021830","https://openalex.org/W1667277804","https://openalex.org/W1829962198","https://openalex.org/W1965996837","https://openalex.org/W1966536410","https://openalex.org/W1967275910","https://openalex.org/W1968645281","https://openalex.org/W1969506411","https://openalex.org/W1972980604","https://openalex.org/W1973079621","https://openalex.org/W1981411273","https://openalex.org/W1983122069","https://openalex.org/W1987557628","https://openalex.org/W1992930677","https://openalex.org/W1994584635","https://openalex.org/W2001432309","https://openalex.org/W2004452810","https://openalex.org/W2005206408","https://openalex.org/W2006447296","https://openalex.org/W2009259856","https://openalex.org/W2011595724","https://openalex.org/W2012939689","https://openalex.org/W2018838790","https://openalex.org/W2019028429","https://openalex.org/W2023263083","https://openalex.org/W2031079794","https://openalex.org/W2033439734","https://openalex.org/W2033477811","https://openalex.org/W2035017763","https://openalex.org/W2040049006","https://openalex.org/W2040567678","https://openalex.org/W2041918426","https://openalex.org/W2043947285","https://openalex.org/W2045638972","https://openalex.org/W2047916490","https://openalex.org/W2049835755","https://openalex.org/W2050857434","https://openalex.org/W2052181955","https://openalex.org/W2054967983","https://openalex.org/W2055064190","https://openalex.org/W2055365143","https://openalex.org/W2055475124","https://openalex.org/W2060870967","https://openalex.org/W2062224921","https://openalex.org/W2062288574","https://openalex.org/W2062914615","https://openalex.org/W2073846360","https://openalex.org/W2079535099","https://openalex.org/W2080881057","https://openalex.org/W2088644768","https://openalex.org/W2089251502","https://openalex.org/W2091502492","https://openalex.org/W2093329371","https://openalex.org/W2094094843","https://openalex.org/W2094460296","https://openalex.org/W2095029195","https://openalex.org/W2101585107","https://openalex.org/W2104015335","https://openalex.org/W2108267008","https://openalex.org/W2144987889","https://openalex.org/W2145689870","https://openalex.org/W2154534159","https://openalex.org/W2155870106","https://openalex.org/W2159014875","https://openalex.org/W2161269321","https://openalex.org/W2164504244","https://openalex.org/W2167029844","https://openalex.org/W2172622613","https://openalex.org/W2214746748","https://openalex.org/W2332841629","https://openalex.org/W2343669961","https://openalex.org/W2347183351","https://openalex.org/W2410875372","https://openalex.org/W2499304649","https://openalex.org/W2514532311","https://openalex.org/W2562440259","https://openalex.org/W2579712177","https://openalex.org/W2614344179","https://openalex.org/W2618074793","https://openalex.org/W2777067642","https://openalex.org/W2796415692","https://openalex.org/W2901019836","https://openalex.org/W2907059276","https://openalex.org/W2946734371","https://openalex.org/W2971496683","https://openalex.org/W2976552224","https://openalex.org/W2977910608","https://openalex.org/W2995803492","https://openalex.org/W2998836683","https://openalex.org/W3000885832","https://openalex.org/W3010612091","https://openalex.org/W3013850118","https://openalex.org/W3035789477","https://openalex.org/W3035934947","https://openalex.org/W3093258777","https://openalex.org/W3096716976","https://openalex.org/W3112969191","https://openalex.org/W3135259158","https://openalex.org/W3139269421","https://openalex.org/W3157312775","https://openalex.org/W3162833855","https://openalex.org/W3164136366","https://openalex.org/W3168079929","https://openalex.org/W3174266268","https://openalex.org/W3184168009","https://openalex.org/W3199792804","https://openalex.org/W3201077846","https://openalex.org/W4229373639","https://openalex.org/W4244374954","https://openalex.org/W4249586354","https://openalex.org/W4280595430","https://openalex.org/W4281395685","https://openalex.org/W4281491434","https://openalex.org/W4283658798","https://openalex.org/W4296311667","https://openalex.org/W4313886145","https://openalex.org/W4316881817","https://openalex.org/W4317349843","https://openalex.org/W4321765381","https://openalex.org/W4324142814","https://openalex.org/W4362468952","https://openalex.org/W4377245298","https://openalex.org/W4379231432","https://openalex.org/W4383955397","https://openalex.org/W4384025025","https://openalex.org/W4385427113","https://openalex.org/W4386042142","https://openalex.org/W4386782755","https://openalex.org/W4387770826","https://openalex.org/W4394597203","https://openalex.org/W4399514469","https://openalex.org/W4399671000","https://openalex.org/W6604076541","https://openalex.org/W6608801234","https://openalex.org/W6629009117","https://openalex.org/W6667724129","https://openalex.org/W6684941745","https://openalex.org/W6704041810","https://openalex.org/W6783019917","https://openalex.org/W6860318634","https://openalex.org/W6868936634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atmospheric":[0],"turbulence":[1,56,158],"influence":[2],"on":[3,97],"optical":[4,10,26,46,55,80,157,167],"wave":[5],"propagation,":[6],"referred":[7],"to":[8,45],"as":[9],"turbulence,":[11],"has":[12],"long":[13],"been":[14],"studied":[15],"for":[16,24,38,125,139],"astronomical":[17,39,78],"applications":[18,40],"and":[19,31,79,103,120,165],"is":[20],"now":[21],"being":[22],"addressed":[23],"free-space":[25],"communication":[27,81],"links":[28],"between":[29,77],"ground":[30],"satellites.":[32],"While":[33],"challenges":[34],"overlap,":[35],"models":[36,59,116],"developed":[37],"are":[41,117,133,148],"not":[42],"fully":[43],"transferable":[44],"communications.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"provides":[50,153],"a":[51],"literature":[52],"review":[53],"of":[54,63,87],"models,":[57,95],"i.e.,":[58],"giving":[60],"vertical":[61],"profiles":[62,147],"the":[64,98],"refractive":[65],"index":[66],"structure":[67],"parameter":[68],"<inline-formula":[69,89,110,126,141],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[70,90,111,127,142],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[71,91,112,128,143],"<tex-math":[72,92,113,129,144],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$C_{n}^{2}$":[73,93,114,130,145],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[74],"highlighting":[75],"differences":[76],"sites.":[82],"It":[83],"presents":[84],"different":[85],"classifications":[86],"available":[88],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[94,115,131,146],"based":[96],"atmospheric":[99],"layer":[100,109],"they":[101],"target":[102],"their":[104],"necessary":[105],"input":[106],"parameters.":[107],"Boundary":[108],"also":[118],"addressed,":[119],"recent":[121],"machine":[122],"learning":[123],"approaches":[124],"modeling":[132],"discussed.":[134],"Additionally,":[135],"commonly":[136],"used":[137],"metrics":[138],"comparing":[140],"introduced.":[149],"Therefore,":[150],"this":[151],"work":[152],"important":[154],"insights":[155],"into":[156],"model":[159],"selection,":[160],"enabling":[161],"accurate":[162],"site":[163],"characterization":[164],"informed":[166],"terminal":[168],"design.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-01-28T00:00:00"}