{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406857423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534659","title":"Smart GNSS Integrity Monitoring for Road Vehicles: An Overview of AI Methods","display_name":"Smart GNSS Integrity Monitoring for Road Vehicles: An Overview of AI Methods","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406857423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009151721","display_name":"In\u00eas Viveiros","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"In\u00eas Viveiros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Car Multimedia, S.A., Bosch, Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Car Multimedia, S.A., Bosch, Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057653866","display_name":"H\u00e9lder Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e9lder Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Algoritmi Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Algoritmi Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026484466","display_name":"Yuri Vasconcelos Andrade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-1217"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuri Andrade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Car Multimedia, S.A., Bosch, Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Car Multimedia, S.A., Bosch, Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003437196","display_name":"Cristiano Pend\u00e3o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristiano Pend\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009151721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.9237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91825535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"20278","last_page":"20296"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14304","display_name":"Transport Systems and Technology","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8359735012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6729780435562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.5069189667701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3775642216205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.37173113226890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33617228269577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19824665784835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17288336157798767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8359735012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6729780435562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.5069189667701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3775642216205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.37173113226890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33617228269577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19824665784835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17288336157798767}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:059b271ab6a640fc83db5aa7374e8dbf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/059b271ab6a640fc83db5aa7374e8dbf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 20278-20296 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W311268609","https://openalex.org/W1571517662","https://openalex.org/W1973131250","https://openalex.org/W2024373600","https://openalex.org/W2033394792","https://openalex.org/W2038678236","https://openalex.org/W2053628414","https://openalex.org/W2114149224","https://openalex.org/W2130788112","https://openalex.org/W2150156170","https://openalex.org/W2162513948","https://openalex.org/W2171204271","https://openalex.org/W2171596323","https://openalex.org/W2180507614","https://openalex.org/W2204296387","https://openalex.org/W2583298792","https://openalex.org/W2782081794","https://openalex.org/W2783289724","https://openalex.org/W2793716893","https://openalex.org/W2896211679","https://openalex.org/W2897392680","https://openalex.org/W2900157460","https://openalex.org/W2901229001","https://openalex.org/W2903796662","https://openalex.org/W2903919263","https://openalex.org/W2904787380","https://openalex.org/W2905194740","https://openalex.org/W2936312397","https://openalex.org/W2948273655","https://openalex.org/W2979303292","https://openalex.org/W2984928703","https://openalex.org/W2989902081","https://openalex.org/W2998702723","https://openalex.org/W3005939710","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W3009713177","https://openalex.org/W3012322739","https://openalex.org/W3013198257","https://openalex.org/W3021104569","https://openalex.org/W3022991344","https://openalex.org/W3023869973","https://openalex.org/W3035580486","https://openalex.org/W3035647407","https://openalex.org/W3109137421","https://openalex.org/W3110713736","https://openalex.org/W3110870077","https://openalex.org/W3119052781","https://openalex.org/W3205090380","https://openalex.org/W3211463620","https://openalex.org/W4205385612","https://openalex.org/W4213260885","https://openalex.org/W4225524949","https://openalex.org/W4226293621","https://openalex.org/W4285042965","https://openalex.org/W4308092584","https://openalex.org/W4311946985","https://openalex.org/W4313147016","https://openalex.org/W4387400922","https://openalex.org/W4388308295","https://openalex.org/W6741360448","https://openalex.org/W6758976454","https://openalex.org/W6780403175","https://openalex.org/W6786676900","https://openalex.org/W6839828318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3197004465","https://openalex.org/W2998303370","https://openalex.org/W4389860168","https://openalex.org/W2525440477","https://openalex.org/W2201305964","https://openalex.org/W2374813830","https://openalex.org/W3103057830","https://openalex.org/W1494365804","https://openalex.org/W3033650053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrity":[0],"monitoring":[1,39],"is":[2,41,79],"a":[3,89],"key":[4],"criterion":[5],"for":[6],"achieving":[7],"robust":[8],"and":[9,22,32,46,94,103],"safe":[10],"navigation":[11],"systems.":[12],"This":[13],"work":[14],"explores":[15],"two":[16],"integrity":[17],"frameworks:":[18],"the":[19,27,33,38],"classical":[20],"methods":[21],"their":[23,92],"respective":[24],"evolution":[25],"towards":[26],"road":[28],"vehicle":[29],"urban":[30],"scenario,":[31],"artificial":[34],"intelligence-based":[35],"methods,":[36],"where":[37],"process":[40],"accomplished":[42],"by":[43,65],"data":[44],"analysis":[45],"learning":[47,53],"techniques.":[48],"In":[49],"most":[50],"cases,":[51],"machine":[52],"outperforms":[54],"traditional":[55],"models,":[56],"which":[57],"are":[58],"often":[59],"observed":[60],"under":[61],"controlled,":[62],"non-real-time":[63],"conditions,":[64],"employing":[66],"simple":[67],"algorithms":[68,84],"that":[69],"may":[70],"have":[71,85],"limited":[72],"success":[73],"in":[74],"real-world":[75],"applications.":[76],"An":[77],"overview":[78],"provided":[80],"on":[81],"how":[82,99],"these":[83],"been":[86],"used,":[87],"including":[88],"comparison":[90],"of":[91],"characteristics":[93],"performances,":[95],"offering":[96],"insights":[97],"into":[98],"they":[100],"can":[101],"evolve":[102],"possible":[104],"future":[105],"directions":[106],"to":[107],"achieve":[108],"more":[109],"reliable":[110],"solutions.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}