{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406857592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534247","title":"Fault Detection and Localization in an MT-VSC-HVDC Network via a Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model With a Multi-Head Attention Mechanism","display_name":"Fault Detection and Localization in an MT-VSC-HVDC Network via a Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model With a Multi-Head Attention Mechanism","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406857592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534247","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083141183","display_name":"Manohar Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-4703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193073490","display_name":"Siksha O Anusandhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ep7w45","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193073490"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manohar Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Siksha &#x2018;O&#x2019; Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-4703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Siksha &#x2018;O&#x2019; Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193073490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193073490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040685030","display_name":"Jai Govind Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0162-3360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38538140","display_name":"Asian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0403qcr87","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38538140"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jai Govind Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Climate Change, School of Environmental Resource and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand","Department of Energy and Climate Change, School of Environmental Resource and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0162-3360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Climate Change, School of Environmental Resource and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38538140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Climate Change, School of Environmental Resource and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38538140"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89406396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"26365","last_page":"26383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7171825170516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6401726603507996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.523161768913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.43790048360824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30631282925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15509799122810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13747727870941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12973496317863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11219117045402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.1018502414226532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7171825170516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6401726603507996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.523161768913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43790048360824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30631282925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15509799122810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13747727870941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12973496317863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11219117045402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.1018502414226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:299ec6e2f03c4d3cb138568701debfa5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/299ec6e2f03c4d3cb138568701debfa5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 26365-26383 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3534247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3534247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971981171","https://openalex.org/W2104003464","https://openalex.org/W2107925915","https://openalex.org/W2314304300","https://openalex.org/W2560698003","https://openalex.org/W2604681623","https://openalex.org/W2739755411","https://openalex.org/W2808909019","https://openalex.org/W2964886249","https://openalex.org/W3037678560","https://openalex.org/W3086738198","https://openalex.org/W3109670944","https://openalex.org/W3198359059","https://openalex.org/W3204624331","https://openalex.org/W4212905841","https://openalex.org/W4220669499","https://openalex.org/W4220758732","https://openalex.org/W4289867971","https://openalex.org/W4316136041","https://openalex.org/W4320001385","https://openalex.org/W4322493094","https://openalex.org/W4327709651","https://openalex.org/W4367303079","https://openalex.org/W4377018234","https://openalex.org/W4378573288","https://openalex.org/W4378902621","https://openalex.org/W4381425968","https://openalex.org/W4390629032","https://openalex.org/W4391393425","https://openalex.org/W4398554630","https://openalex.org/W4400681905","https://openalex.org/W4400721646","https://openalex.org/W4401226816","https://openalex.org/W4401243645","https://openalex.org/W4401250430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,20,28,36,52,152,163,212,241,258],"non-unit":[4],"protection":[5],"approach":[6,268,288],"is":[7,69,97,106,172,289],"suggested":[8],"for":[9,319],"recognizing":[10],"fault":[11,67,81,181,216,245,273,330],"events":[12],"(internal":[13],"and":[14,16,57,87,116,136,139,178,183,218,236,281,297,315,328],"external)":[15],"their":[17,141,159,316],"location":[18,274],"in":[19,118,180,195,203,262,272],"High":[21],"Voltage":[22],"Direct":[23],"Current":[24],"(HVDC)":[25],"system":[26,294,322],"employing":[27],"deep":[29],"learning":[30],"(DL)":[31],"model.":[32,103],"This":[33],"work":[34,126],"utilizes":[35,222],"small":[37],"sample":[38],"size":[39],"of":[40,47,66,85,253,285],"DC":[41],"current":[42],"signals":[43],"from":[44],"one":[45],"end":[46],"an":[48,251],"HVDC-fed":[49],"system,":[50],"achieving":[51],"balance":[53],"between":[54],"data":[55,92,205],"manageability":[56],"preserving":[58],"vital":[59],"information":[60],"related":[61],"to":[62,112,156,175,239,325],"faults.":[63],"The":[64,104,207,220,244,266,283,305],"simulation":[65],"samples":[68],"carried":[70,173],"out":[71,174],"with":[72,93,151,168,292,301],"the":[73,100,122,125,147,189,286,311],"maximum":[74],"possible":[75],"operating":[76,295],"scenarios,":[77],"such":[78,226,276],"as":[79,227,277],"different":[80],"resistances,":[82],"locations,":[83],"types":[84],"faults,":[86],"noisy":[88,264],"conditions.":[89,265],"Afterward,":[90,162],"combined":[91,160],"varying":[94,196,293],"noise":[95,110,197,248],"values":[96],"trained":[98],"by":[99],"proposed":[101,267,287],"DL":[102,123,170,209],"testing":[105],"performed":[107,192],"under":[108],"individual":[109],"levels":[111],"evaluate":[113],"model":[114,149,313],"robustness":[115,177],"accuracy":[117,179,252],"real-time":[119,329],"scenarios.":[120],"framework,":[124],"focuses":[127],"on":[128,158],"two":[129],"core":[130],"architectures,":[131],"Convolutional":[132],"Neural":[133],"Networks":[134],"(CNN)":[135],"Transformer":[137,190],"models,":[138],"assesses":[140],"performance":[142,224,271,284,299],"individually.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"it":[145],"explores":[146],"hybrid":[148,208],"CNN-Transformer":[150],"multi-head":[153],"attention":[154],"mechanism":[155],"capitalize":[157],"strengths.":[161],"detailed":[164],"comparative":[165,298],"result":[166],"evaluation":[167],"other":[169,302],"models":[171,191,201],"gauge":[176],"detection":[182,217,246],"localization.":[184,219],"Comparative":[185],"outcomes":[186],"reveal":[187],"that":[188],"more":[193,326],"remarkably":[194],"conditions,":[198],"while":[199],"recurrent":[200],"excelled":[202],"sequential":[204],"processing.":[206],"methods":[210],"provided":[211],"balanced":[213],"trade-off,":[214],"improving":[215],"study":[221],"several":[223],"metrics":[225],"accuracy,":[228],"precision,":[229],"recall,":[230],"F1":[231],"score,":[232],"MSE,":[233],"RMSE,":[234],"MAPE,":[235],"R2":[237],"errors":[238],"provide":[240],"comprehensive":[242],"assessment.":[243],"without":[247],"conditions":[249,296],"attained":[250],"100%;":[254],"however,":[255],"there":[256],"was":[257],"slight":[259],"decrease":[260],"(1.5%)":[261],"20db":[263],"archives":[269],"excellent":[270],"tasks,":[275],"MAPE:0.0308,":[278],"MSE:1.6415,":[279],"RMSE:1.2814,":[280],"R2:0.9982.":[282],"also":[290],"validated":[291],"analysis":[300],"state-of-the-art":[303],"techniques.":[304],"findings":[306],"offer":[307],"valuable":[308],"insights":[309],"into":[310],"optimal":[312],"configurations":[314],"practical":[317],"applicability":[318],"reliable":[320],"HVDC":[321],"protection,":[323],"contributing":[324],"effective":[327],"diagnosis":[331],"solutions.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
