{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406754154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3533136","title":"Enhancing Proximal Policy Optimization for UAV Air Combat With Exploration Boosting and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Strategy","display_name":"Enhancing Proximal Policy Optimization for UAV Air Combat With Exploration Boosting and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Strategy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406754154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3533136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3533136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3533136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3533136","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101387394","display_name":"Zhuangfeng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8950-4274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangfeng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8950-4274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110643879","display_name":"Jianjuan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4686-7520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junzhe Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4686-7520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101675012","display_name":"Hongming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3507-4261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3507-4261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049612204","display_name":"Xiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5317-1338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101387395","display_name":"Wenqin Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6643-2182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqin Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055383830","display_name":"Xueyun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-0223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-0223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01920778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"38563","last_page":"38579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11082","display_name":"Spacecraft Dynamics and Control","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.6551399827003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6223418712615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.5466303825378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cma-es","display_name":"CMA-ES","score":0.5245309472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5094953179359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4664454162120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4294462203979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.29122352600097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-of-covariance-matrices","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","score":0.21378454566001892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17142808437347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08775866031646729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.6551399827003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6223418712615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5466303825378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205555498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505588","display_name":"CMA-ES","level":4,"score":0.5245309472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5094953179359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4664454162120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4294462203979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29122352600097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180877172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5401390","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","level":3,"score":0.21378454566001892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17142808437347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08775866031646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3533136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3533136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34bac3ed55d44cf28797afc8dbf74467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34bac3ed55d44cf28797afc8dbf74467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 38563-38579 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3533136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3533136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4825135832","display_name":"\u57ce\u5e02\u9065\u611f\u56fe\u50cf\u4e2d\u673a\u52a8\u76ee\u6807\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u73af\u5883\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u8026\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62061002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2926551842","https://openalex.org/W2022594112","https://openalex.org/W2572601863","https://openalex.org/W3112846993","https://openalex.org/W4211082860","https://openalex.org/W2056742037","https://openalex.org/W2587300415","https://openalex.org/W4303684144","https://openalex.org/W1976318097","https://openalex.org/W1910942334"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,152],"the":[1,18,37,85,139,174,192],"field":[2],"of":[3,20,40,88,121,168,188],"unmanned":[4],"aerial":[5],"vehicle":[6],"(UAV)":[7],"air":[8,74,158],"combat,":[9,102],"optimization":[10],"algorithms":[11],"must":[12],"perform":[13],"exceptionally":[14],"well":[15],"to":[16,30,71,97,112,173],"address":[17],"complexities":[19],"tactical":[21],"environments":[22],"and":[23,35,65,83,114,124,131,148],"multidimensional":[24],"control":[25,89],"challenges.":[26],"Thus,":[27],"developing":[28],"strategies":[29],"enhance":[31,129],"exploration,":[32],"improve":[33],"stability,":[34,132],"capture":[36,98],"complex":[38],"dynamics":[39],"combat":[41,75,159],"trajectories":[42],"is":[43,195],"crucial.":[44],"This":[45,77],"study":[46],"proposes":[47],"a":[48,93,156,178],"reinforcement":[49],"learning":[50],"approach":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53],"Proximal":[54],"Policy":[55],"Optimization":[56],"(PPO),":[57],"which":[58],"integrates":[59],"Covariance":[60],"Matrix":[61],"Adaptation":[62],"Strategy":[63],"(CMAS)":[64],"Value-Conditional":[66],"Hidden":[67],"State":[68],"Entropy":[69],"(VCHSE)":[70],"optimize":[72],"UAV":[73],"strategies.":[76,107],"method":[78,162],"effectively":[79],"addresses":[80],"intrinsic":[81],"correlations":[82,144],"enhances":[84],"exploration":[86,120],"potential":[87],"inputs.":[90],"We":[91],"designed":[92],"Representation":[94],"Network":[95],"(RepNet)":[96],"dynamic":[99],"changes":[100],"during":[101],"providing":[103],"guidance":[104],"for":[105],"trajectory":[106],"Additionally,":[108],"we":[109,133],"employed":[110],"VCHSE":[111],"measure":[113],"promote":[115],"state":[116],"diversity,":[117],"ensuring":[118],"effective":[119],"unknown":[122],"areas":[123],"avoiding":[125],"local":[126],"optima.":[127],"To":[128],"adaptability":[130],"introduced":[134],"CMAS":[135],"that":[136],"dynamically":[137],"adjusts":[138],"covariance":[140],"matrix,":[141],"improving":[142],"action":[143],"in":[145],"high-dimensional":[146],"spaces":[147],"increasing":[149],"decision-making":[150],"efficiency.":[151],"rigorous":[153],"tests":[154],"within":[155],"simulated":[157],"environment,":[160],"our":[161,189],"achieved":[163],"an":[164],"Elo":[165],"score":[166],"improvement":[167],"nearly":[169],"4600":[170],"points":[171],"compared":[172],"PPO":[175],"algorithm,":[176],"representing":[177],"41.2%":[179],"increase":[180],"after":[181],"60":[182],"million":[183],"training":[184],"steps.":[185],"An":[186],"implementation":[187],"algorithm":[190],"under":[191],"CleanRL":[193],"framework":[194],"available":[196],"at":[197],"https://github.com/zzfhmy/PPO-CmaVH.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T06:59:57.516163","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}