{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406753759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3532980","title":"Construction and Performance Evaluation of Grain Porosity Prediction Models Based on Metaheuristic Algorithms and Machine Learning","display_name":"Construction and Performance Evaluation of Grain Porosity Prediction Models Based on Metaheuristic Algorithms and Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406753759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3532980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3532980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3532980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3532980","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434485","display_name":"Jiahao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2993-0490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008212647","display_name":"Jiaxin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4898-8846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4898-8846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063298085","display_name":"Deqian Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6106-8055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deqian Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048207291","display_name":"Chaosai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-6760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaosai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100523015","display_name":"Runmei Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runmei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108717631","display_name":"Jiayi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7970-1967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00826064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"43360","last_page":"43383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.6330000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.6330000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6897210478782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.5537294149398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5274814963340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5166052579879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.4722316265106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43732428550720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.15875312685966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.07999226450920105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6897210478782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.5537294149398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5274814963340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5166052579879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.4722316265106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43732428550720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.15875312685966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.07999226450920105}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3532980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3532980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0770c03fd07b4f1e82b4dd8c6dbeecb2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0770c03fd07b4f1e82b4dd8c6dbeecb2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 43360-43383 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3532980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3532980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3580300731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51608176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5399381975","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020KF-B01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329841","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329841","display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567722950","https://openalex.org/W1571439140","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1969768158","https://openalex.org/W1985479415","https://openalex.org/W1989788683","https://openalex.org/W1992063922","https://openalex.org/W1995789178","https://openalex.org/W2001500639","https://openalex.org/W2011580004","https://openalex.org/W2026818864","https://openalex.org/W2031183907","https://openalex.org/W2035802397","https://openalex.org/W2061719051","https://openalex.org/W2070038302","https://openalex.org/W2077112019","https://openalex.org/W2079131452","https://openalex.org/W2089775076","https://openalex.org/W2118835550","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2157328252","https://openalex.org/W2158863190","https://openalex.org/W2169814506","https://openalex.org/W2232317135","https://openalex.org/W2321990803","https://openalex.org/W2619390517","https://openalex.org/W2749959226","https://openalex.org/W2765436850","https://openalex.org/W2804370882","https://openalex.org/W2890028683","https://openalex.org/W2919979744","https://openalex.org/W2954670302","https://openalex.org/W2963662122","https://openalex.org/W2964318286","https://openalex.org/W2972684407","https://openalex.org/W2975558134","https://openalex.org/W2995190601","https://openalex.org/W3011744717","https://openalex.org/W3025253457","https://openalex.org/W3036026473","https://openalex.org/W3043712826","https://openalex.org/W3049456408","https://openalex.org/W3084901498","https://openalex.org/W3089246515","https://openalex.org/W3094197203","https://openalex.org/W3109675823","https://openalex.org/W3111427014","https://openalex.org/W3128109754","https://openalex.org/W3169729507","https://openalex.org/W3183656563","https://openalex.org/W3185967508","https://openalex.org/W3210000915","https://openalex.org/W4210518990","https://openalex.org/W4210748402","https://openalex.org/W4212936179","https://openalex.org/W4224094896","https://openalex.org/W4236097713","https://openalex.org/W4239733533","https://openalex.org/W4249972823","https://openalex.org/W4281641828","https://openalex.org/W4283740082","https://openalex.org/W4285043979","https://openalex.org/W4285792292","https://openalex.org/W4306362160","https://openalex.org/W4310170663","https://openalex.org/W4321595697","https://openalex.org/W4381986109","https://openalex.org/W4387528628","https://openalex.org/W4387747176","https://openalex.org/W4388631418","https://openalex.org/W4390935875","https://openalex.org/W4391097018","https://openalex.org/W4391654460","https://openalex.org/W4391771675","https://openalex.org/W4393352994","https://openalex.org/W4400519795","https://openalex.org/W6611216204","https://openalex.org/W6732184691","https://openalex.org/W6747314434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grain":[0],"porosity":[1,37,57,74,223],"is":[2,16],"a":[3,46],"key":[4],"parameter":[5],"affecting":[6,56],"the":[7,19,36,61,121,150,155,158,196,200,205],"heat":[8,22],"and":[9,15,23,27,58,94,114,123,141,147,163,188,207,215,227],"moisture":[10,24],"transfer":[11,25],"in":[12,30,117],"grain":[13,31,73,222],"piles,":[14],"related":[17],"to":[18,51,105,119,232],"accuracy":[20,122,202,226],"of":[21,38,125,157,169,213],"calculations":[26],"simulation":[28],"studies":[29],"piles.":[32],"To":[33],"effectively":[34],"measure":[35],"grains":[39],"under":[40],"different":[41],"pressures,":[42],"this":[43],"study":[44],"used":[45],"powerful":[47],"machine":[48,65,69],"learning":[49,66],"algorithm":[50],"set":[52],"six":[53],"input":[54],"parameters":[55],"experimentally":[59],"acquired":[60],"data":[62],"required":[63],"for":[64,72,174],"modeling.":[67],"Eight":[68],"learning-based":[70],"models":[71,109,160],"prediction":[75],"were":[76,98,145,161],"developed.":[77],"Four":[78],"meta-heuristic":[79],"algorithms":[80],"(i.e.,":[81,110],"Particle":[82],"Swarm":[83],"Optimization":[84,92],"(PSO),":[85],"Sine":[86],"Cosine":[87],"Algorithm":[88],"(SCA),":[89],"Harris":[90],"Hawks":[91],"(HHO),":[93],"Multi-Verse":[95],"Optimizer":[96],"(MVO))":[97],"combined":[99],"with":[100,149,210,224],"Support":[101],"Vector":[102],"Regression":[103],"(SVR)":[104],"obtain":[106],"four":[107,129,151],"hybrid":[108,152],"PSO-SVR,":[111],"SCA-SVR,":[112],"HHO-SVR,":[113],"MVO-SVR),":[115],"respectively,":[116],"order":[118],"improve":[120],"methodology":[124],"prediction.":[126],"In":[127],"addition,":[128],"other":[130,233],"intelligent":[131],"models,":[132],"namely":[133],"SVR,":[134],"least-squares":[135,143],"support":[136],"vector":[137],"regression,":[138,144],"random":[139],"forest,":[140],"partial":[142],"constructed":[146],"compared":[148,164,231],"models.":[153,234],"Finally,":[154],"accuracies":[156],"eight":[159],"evaluated":[162],"using":[165],"several":[166],"metrics:":[167],"coefficient":[168],"determination":[170],"(R2),":[171],"variance":[172],"accounted":[173],"(VAF),":[175],"Nash-Sutcliffe":[176],"efficiency":[177],"(NSE),":[178],"Mean":[179,184],"Absolute":[180],"Error":[181,186],"(MAE),":[182],"Root":[183],"Square":[185],"(RMSE),":[187],"scatter":[189],"index":[190],"(SCI).":[191],"The":[192,218],"results":[193],"indicate":[194],"that":[195],"HHO-SVR":[197,219],"model":[198,220],"achieved":[199],"highest":[201],"during":[203],"both":[204],"training":[206],"testing":[208],"phases,":[209],"R2":[211],"values":[212],"0.97660":[214],"0.95613,":[216],"respectively.":[217],"predicts":[221],"reasonable":[225],"exhibits":[228],"superior":[229],"performance":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}