{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406610801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3531655","title":"Offender Characterization and Prediction: A Case Study of the Kingdom of Bahrain","display_name":"Offender Characterization and Prediction: A Case Study of the Kingdom of Bahrain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406610801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3531655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3531655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3531655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3531655","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115946945","display_name":"Ebrahim J. Alasfoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ebrahim Jaffar Alasfoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Academy of Police, Ministry of Interior, Manama, Bahrain","Royal Academy of Police, Ministry of Interior, Kingdom of Bahrain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Academy of Police, Ministry of Interior, Manama, Bahrain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Academy of Police, Ministry of Interior, Kingdom of Bahrain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060560709","display_name":"Omar Alshaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-8933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Alshaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049571707","display_name":"Isa Inuwa-Dutse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-8117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isa Inuwa-Dutse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053811883","display_name":"Saad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8613-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037686924","display_name":"Simon Parkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-9914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Parkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115946945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88663153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"29406","last_page":"29431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.963100016117096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5445286631584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kingdom","display_name":"Kingdom","score":0.5384950041770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3396453857421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08622515201568604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5445286631584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13801280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36732","display_name":"Kingdom","level":2,"score":0.5384950041770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3396453857421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08622515201568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3531655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3531655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2e8e9646e42f471cbb763a8541f1a998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2e8e9646e42f471cbb763a8541f1a998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 29406-29431 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/9c44f411-efc2-4b0c-be69-c60b40973742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85215857129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402508","display_name":"Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","host_organization_name":"University of Huddersfield","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alasfoor, E J, Alshaikh, O, Inuwa-Dutse, I, Khan, S & Parkinson, S 2025, 'Offender Characterization and Prediction : A Case Study of The Kingdom of Bahrain', IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 29406-29431. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3531655","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/9c44f411-efc2-4b0c-be69-c60b40973742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/9c44f411-efc2-4b0c-be69-c60b40973742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402508","display_name":"Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","host_organization_name":"University of Huddersfield","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alasfoor, E J, Alshaikh, O, Inuwa-Dutse, I, Khan, S & Parkinson, S 2025, 'Offender Characterization and Prediction : A Case Study of The Kingdom of Bahrain', IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 29406-29431. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3531655","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3531655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3531655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472067","https://openalex.org/W1543804688","https://openalex.org/W1986537524","https://openalex.org/W2082323729","https://openalex.org/W2086260676","https://openalex.org/W2232870322","https://openalex.org/W2321540385","https://openalex.org/W2334791991","https://openalex.org/W2514525802","https://openalex.org/W2516499659","https://openalex.org/W2604660495","https://openalex.org/W2744338514","https://openalex.org/W2770567437","https://openalex.org/W2780029216","https://openalex.org/W2791754937","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2802493606","https://openalex.org/W2888728157","https://openalex.org/W2891713324","https://openalex.org/W2902555863","https://openalex.org/W2904428682","https://openalex.org/W2910524267","https://openalex.org/W2912827267","https://openalex.org/W2954370766","https://openalex.org/W2965882244","https://openalex.org/W2966575138","https://openalex.org/W2970817416","https://openalex.org/W2977733304","https://openalex.org/W2980113193","https://openalex.org/W2980137178","https://openalex.org/W2989219518","https://openalex.org/W2992165749","https://openalex.org/W3006396560","https://openalex.org/W3020043762","https://openalex.org/W3020622509","https://openalex.org/W3022072396","https://openalex.org/W3027998777","https://openalex.org/W3031231579","https://openalex.org/W3040032979","https://openalex.org/W3043696297","https://openalex.org/W3084074548","https://openalex.org/W3084405808","https://openalex.org/W3089838435","https://openalex.org/W3097953286","https://openalex.org/W3109126425","https://openalex.org/W3125273919","https://openalex.org/W3125280368","https://openalex.org/W3126748916","https://openalex.org/W3133855146","https://openalex.org/W3152939161","https://openalex.org/W3158174949","https://openalex.org/W3158737092","https://openalex.org/W3170657538","https://openalex.org/W3171973514","https://openalex.org/W3204239255","https://openalex.org/W4205449880","https://openalex.org/W4210298593","https://openalex.org/W4210678313","https://openalex.org/W4223630181","https://openalex.org/W4225396348","https://openalex.org/W4230603309","https://openalex.org/W4287848950","https://openalex.org/W4297294734","https://openalex.org/W4317383072","https://openalex.org/W4319039935","https://openalex.org/W4320801966","https://openalex.org/W4361985925","https://openalex.org/W4380684657","https://openalex.org/W4382866720","https://openalex.org/W4386947779","https://openalex.org/W4390311802","https://openalex.org/W4399728056","https://openalex.org/W4405613548","https://openalex.org/W6607259140","https://openalex.org/W6685764666","https://openalex.org/W6687108758","https://openalex.org/W6766218182","https://openalex.org/W6777730395","https://openalex.org/W6800524027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3009909786","https://openalex.org/W2360706974","https://openalex.org/W2885857747","https://openalex.org/W2367583273","https://openalex.org/W2356091611","https://openalex.org/W428218956","https://openalex.org/W4323981789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crime":[0],"analysis":[1,34],"using":[2,32],"data":[3,20,43,239],"mining":[4],"techniques":[5,209],"can":[6,221],"uncover":[7],"valuable":[8],"information":[9],"to":[10,27,51,78,97,171,192,210],"assist":[11],"law":[12,194],"enforcement":[13,195],"investigations.":[14],"This":[15,197],"study":[16,42,161],"analyses":[17],"a":[18,117,182,200],"crime":[19,215],"set":[21],"from":[22,214],"the":[23,124,127,130,160,164,167,186,189,230,233],"Kingdom":[24],"of":[25,121,126,129,153,166,185,188,229,232],"Bahrain":[26],"demonstrate":[28],"an":[29],"integrated":[30],"framework":[31],"exploratory":[33,205],"and":[35,57,91,106,132,163,206,241],"machine":[36,207],"learning":[37,81,208],"for":[38,123],"predictive":[39,112,168,250],"modelling.":[40],"The":[41,108,175],"set,":[44],"comprising":[45],"720":[46],"cases,":[47],"was":[48,157],"first":[49],"explored":[50],"reveal":[52],"patterns,":[53],"including":[54],"prevalent":[55],"theft":[56],"assault":[58],"crimes":[59],"concentrated":[60],"in":[61,138,252],"four":[62],"areas.":[63],"Data":[64],"sensitivity":[65],"measures":[66],"were":[67,178],"implemented":[68],"by":[69,75,225],"anonymising":[70],"specific":[71],"geographic":[72],"areas,":[73],"represented":[74],"characters":[76],"A":[77,151],"T.":[79],"Supervised":[80],"algorithms":[82,109,244],"such":[83,102],"as":[84,103],"Additive":[85,114],"Regression,":[86],"Random":[87,133],"Forest,":[88],"Na\u00efve":[89],"Bayes,":[90],"Decision":[92],"Tree":[93],"are":[94],"then":[95],"applied":[96],"predict":[98],"unknown":[99],"offender":[100],"characteristics":[101],"age,":[104],"sex,":[105],"occupation.":[107],"achieve":[110],"strong":[111,183],"performance.":[113],"regression":[115],"achieved":[116,135],"high":[118],"correlation":[119],"coefficient":[120],"0.889":[122],"prediction":[125],"age":[128],"offender,":[131],"Forest":[134],"83%":[136],"precision":[137],"predicting":[139],"sex":[140],"through":[141],"10-fold":[142],"cross-validation.":[143],"However,":[144],"challenges":[145],"arise":[146],"with":[147],"unbalanced":[148],"nationality":[149],"data.":[150,216],"survey":[152],"22":[154],"police":[155],"officers":[156],"conducted,":[158],"discussing":[159],"results":[162],"feasibility":[165],"modelling":[169,251],"approach":[170],"enhance":[172,193],"investigative":[173,223],"efficiency.":[174],"responses":[176],"received":[177],"mostly":[179],"positive,":[180],"reflecting":[181],"endorsement":[184],"potential":[187],"proposed":[190],"method":[191],"practices.":[196],"research":[198],"highlights":[199],"promising":[201],"methodology":[202],"that":[203],"combines":[204],"extract":[211],"actionable":[212],"insights":[213],"With":[217],"appropriate":[218],"caution,":[219],"it":[220],"improve":[222],"efficiency":[224],"making":[226],"data-driven":[227],"predictions":[228],"attributes":[231],"offender.":[234],"Further":[235],"work":[236],"should":[237],"expand":[238],"sets":[240],"explore":[242],"advanced":[243],"while":[245],"addressing":[246],"ethical":[247],"concerns":[248],"regarding":[249],"criminal":[253],"justice.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00"}