{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406524058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530985","title":"qTrustNet Virtual Private Network (VPN): Enhancing Security in the Quantum Era","display_name":"qTrustNet Virtual Private Network (VPN): Enhancing Security in the Quantum Era","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406524058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530985","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hyoungsub Shim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyoungsub Shim","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTK, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTK, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bongho Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bongho Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTK, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTK, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112966160","display_name":"Haejung Im","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haejung Im","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTK, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTK, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073403065","display_name":"Duhyun Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-3462"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duhyun Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTK, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-3462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTK, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086508893","display_name":"Seok\u2010min Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-6786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Min Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-6786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.1887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98406942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"17807","last_page":"17819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9190999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9190999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-network","display_name":"Private network","score":0.8180965185165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.698262095451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5683126449584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5419889092445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.44578516483306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4129617214202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07076019048690796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.8180965185165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.698262095451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5683126449584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5419889092445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.44578516483306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4129617214202881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07076019048690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f7b58be86f14141a16e2b5d184fe2fb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f7b58be86f14141a16e2b5d184fe2fb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 17807-17819 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2249201482","https://openalex.org/W2573870368","https://openalex.org/W2985307378","https://openalex.org/W3011115143","https://openalex.org/W3017710073","https://openalex.org/W3023890793","https://openalex.org/W4286364309","https://openalex.org/W4292070403","https://openalex.org/W4318570561","https://openalex.org/W4378364057","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6781627751","https://openalex.org/W6784308386","https://openalex.org/W6803276719","https://openalex.org/W6860235430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2483921279","https://openalex.org/W2385877282","https://openalex.org/W2389563042","https://openalex.org/W2347267556","https://openalex.org/W2053903822","https://openalex.org/W2358887448","https://openalex.org/W2624750807","https://openalex.org/W2352954597","https://openalex.org/W2360633292","https://openalex.org/W2363032787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,94,156,256],"paper":[1,257],"introduces":[2],"qTrustNet":[3,42,71,185,231,266],"VPN,":[4,267],"a":[5,79,132,168,191,199,234],"next-generation":[6],"Virtual":[7],"Private":[8],"Network":[9],"(VPN)":[10],"designed":[11,98],"to":[12,26,99,139,204,271],"enhance":[13],"security":[14,40,74,134,174,242],"in":[15,190,225,237],"the":[16,27,49,57,68,76,86,101,115,119,145,180,183,213,222,246,259],"quantum":[17,30,105,154,247,277],"era.":[18],"As":[19],"traditional":[20],"encryption":[21,116,146],"methods":[22],"face":[23],"obsolescence":[24],"due":[25],"advent":[28],"of":[29,53,70,78,89,104,118,159,182,202,265],"computing,":[31],"there":[32],"is":[33,75,97,122,137],"an":[34],"urgent":[35],"need":[36,46],"for":[37,61,245],"more":[38],"robust":[39,241],"solutions.":[41],"VPN":[43,169,186,232,238],"addresses":[44],"this":[45],"by":[47,85],"ensuring":[48,143,207],"confidentiality":[50],"and":[51,64,91,141,153,164,253,262],"integrity":[52],"data":[54,209,273],"transmission":[55,210,274],"through":[56],"WireGuard":[58,160],"protocol,":[59,161],"known":[60],"its":[62,178,269],"simplicity":[63],"high":[65,251],"performance.":[66],"At":[67],"core":[69],"VPN\u2019s":[72],"enhanced":[73],"integration":[77],"Post-Quantum":[80],"Cryptography":[81],"(PQC)":[82],"algorithm,":[83],"developed":[84],"National":[87],"Institute":[88],"Standards":[90],"Technology":[92],"(NIST).":[93],"PQC":[95,120,162],"algorithm":[96,121],"withstand":[100],"decryption":[102],"capabilities":[103],"computers,":[106],"thus":[107],"providing":[108],"long-term":[109],"security.":[110],"To":[111,176],"further":[112],"bolster":[113],"security,":[114],"key":[117],"protected":[123],"using":[124],"Physically":[125],"Unclonable":[126],"Function":[127],"(PUF)":[128],"technology.":[129],"PUFs":[130],"offer":[131],"hardware-based":[133],"mechanism":[135],"that":[136,144],"resistant":[138],"cloning":[140],"tampering,":[142],"keys":[147],"remain":[148],"secure":[149,272],"against":[150,275],"both":[151],"classical":[152],"attacks.":[155],"innovative":[157],"combination":[158],"algorithms,":[163],"PUF":[165],"technology":[166],"creates":[167],"system":[170],"with":[171],"significantly":[172],"improved":[173],"features.":[175],"validate":[177],"effectiveness,":[179],"performance":[181,252,263],"proposed":[184],"was":[187,215],"rigorously":[188],"evaluated":[189],"10GbE":[192],"NIC":[193],"network":[194],"environment.":[195],"The":[196],"results":[197],"demonstrated":[198],"remarkable":[200],"throughput":[201],"up":[203],"8.5":[205],"Gbps,":[206],"high-speed":[208],"capabilities.":[211],"Additionally,":[212],"latency":[214],"measured":[216],"at":[217],"1ms":[218],"or":[219],"less,":[220],"highlighting":[221],"system\u2019s":[223],"efficiency":[224],"maintaining":[226,250],"low-latency":[227],"communication.":[228],"In":[229],"summary,":[230],"represents":[233],"significant":[235],"advancement":[236],"technology,":[239],"offering":[240],"features":[243],"tailored":[244],"era":[248],"while":[249],"low":[254],"latency.":[255],"details":[258],"design,":[260],"implementation,":[261],"evaluation":[264],"showcasing":[268],"potential":[270],"emerging":[276],"threats.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}