{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406495855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530558","title":"Federated Digital Twins: A Scheduling Approach Based on Temporal Graph Neural Network and Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Federated Digital Twins: A Scheduling Approach Based on Temporal Graph Neural Network and Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406495855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530558","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440449","display_name":"Young\u2010Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-5771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young-Jin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial AI Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial AI Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101859577","display_name":"Hanjin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2436-3784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanjin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050374946","display_name":"Beomsu Ha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beomsu Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063873549","display_name":"Won-Tae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-3792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35886859","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won-Tae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35886859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100440449"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.6126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96613395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"20763","last_page":"20777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8007283210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6945232152938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5345392227172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.46938177943229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4604955017566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4494107961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3587638735771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3338049650192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1409689486026764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08020085096359253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8007283210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6945232152938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5345392227172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.46938177943229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4604955017566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4494107961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3587638735771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3338049650192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1409689486026764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08020085096359253}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2649b2d455774173a3f5cf5b6e332411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2649b2d455774173a3f5cf5b6e332411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 20763-20777 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G336626037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-0-00866","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4441535444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Star Professor Research Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321260","funder_display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321260","display_name":"Korea University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/053nycv62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995620551","https://openalex.org/W1998510734","https://openalex.org/W2009748105","https://openalex.org/W2046437335","https://openalex.org/W2053675209","https://openalex.org/W2085327584","https://openalex.org/W2091422563","https://openalex.org/W2321430542","https://openalex.org/W2890904471","https://openalex.org/W2944378519","https://openalex.org/W2952808052","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W3016938688","https://openalex.org/W3034077950","https://openalex.org/W3097525958","https://openalex.org/W3144445227","https://openalex.org/W3162235040","https://openalex.org/W3163246710","https://openalex.org/W3163698194","https://openalex.org/W3176897893","https://openalex.org/W4210446628","https://openalex.org/W4210714644","https://openalex.org/W4221037592","https://openalex.org/W4282946405","https://openalex.org/W4285024875","https://openalex.org/W4285118858","https://openalex.org/W4288884610","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4298132785","https://openalex.org/W4304148173","https://openalex.org/W4316660976","https://openalex.org/W4318827691","https://openalex.org/W4362514681","https://openalex.org/W4379135088","https://openalex.org/W4385610417","https://openalex.org/W4386057109","https://openalex.org/W4387412827","https://openalex.org/W4388483490","https://openalex.org/W4390075045","https://openalex.org/W4390368000","https://openalex.org/W4391242000","https://openalex.org/W4391559291","https://openalex.org/W4392382237","https://openalex.org/W4399772539","https://openalex.org/W4400275536","https://openalex.org/W4401941067","https://openalex.org/W4402389761","https://openalex.org/W4403444192","https://openalex.org/W4404839448","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6869961340","https://openalex.org/W6873225069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"concept":[1],"of":[2,11,56,80,213],"digital":[3,21,86],"twin":[4,22],"(DT),":[5],"which":[6,98],"has":[7],"supported":[8],"the":[9,51,76,123,137,187],"optimization":[10],"physical":[12,43,57],"system":[13],"across":[14],"various":[15],"industries,":[16],"now":[17],"extends":[18],"into":[19],"federated":[20],"(fDT)":[23],"to":[24,45,49,68,106,128,168],"manage":[25],"complex,":[26],"interconnected":[27],"systems.":[28],"Recent":[29],"research":[30],"and":[31,125,152,155,164,194,202,215],"standardization":[32],"efforts":[33],"in":[34,91,110,119,178,207],"DT":[35,47,61,81],"have":[36],"expanded":[37],"their":[38],"focus":[39],"from":[40,85],"optimizing":[41],"individual":[42],"twins":[44],"coordinating":[46],"functionalities":[48],"optimize":[50],"services":[52],"provided":[53],"by":[54,158,192,197],"set":[55],"twins.":[58],"In":[59],"fDT-based":[60],"coordination,":[62],"scheduling":[63,96,139],"techniques":[64],"that":[65,121],"determine":[66],"when":[67],"utilize":[69],"available":[70],"DTs":[71,147,182],"efficiently":[72],"are":[73,116],"critical.":[74],"However,":[75],"variable":[77,171],"processing":[78,101,172],"speeds":[79,102],"functionalities,":[82],"as":[83],"traceable":[84],"twins,":[87],"present":[88],"significant":[89],"challenges":[90],"deriving":[92],"optimal":[93,112],"schedules.":[94,113],"Traditional":[95],"algorithms,":[97],"assume":[99],"static":[100],"for":[103,170],"machines":[104],"(corresponding":[105],"DTs),":[107],"encounter":[108],"limitations":[109,115],"generating":[111],"These":[114],"further":[117],"exacerbated":[118],"scenarios":[120,179,209],"demand":[122],"flexibility":[124,201],"scalability":[126],"inherent":[127],"fDT.":[129],"To":[130],"address":[131],"this":[132,134],"challenge,":[133],"paper":[135],"proposes":[136],"fDT-DT":[138],"framework.":[140],"This":[141],"framework":[142],"effectively":[143],"represents":[144],"relationships":[145],"among":[146],"using":[148],"temporal":[149,160],"heterogeneous":[150],"graphs":[151],"generates":[153],"flexible":[154],"scalable":[156],"schedules":[157],"incorporating":[159],"graph":[161],"neural":[162],"networks":[163],"deep":[165],"reinforcement":[166],"learning":[167],"account":[169],"speeds.":[173],"Experimental":[174],"results":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"that,":[177],"where":[180],"multiple":[181],"exhibit":[183],"diverse":[184],"speed":[185],"profiles,":[186],"proposed":[188],"approach":[189],"improves":[190],"makespan":[191],"16.9%":[193],"reduces":[195],"tardiness":[196],"76.2%,":[198],"demonstrating":[199],"both":[200,222],"superior":[203],"performance.":[204],"Furthermore,":[205],"even":[206],"untrained":[208],"with":[210],"increasing":[211],"numbers":[212],"fDTs":[214],"DTs,":[216],"it":[217],"outperforms":[218],"baseline":[219],"algorithms":[220],"on":[221],"metrics,":[223],"confirming":[224],"its":[225],"scalability.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}