{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406457743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530243","title":"Traffic Congestion Control With Emergency Awareness and Optimized Communication Infrastructure Using Reinforcement Learning and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Traffic Congestion Control With Emergency Awareness and Optimized Communication Infrastructure Using Reinforcement Learning and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406457743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530243","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052798400","display_name":"Othman S. Al-Heety","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32589535","display_name":"Technical University of Malaysia Malacca","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Othman S. Al-Heety","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-4720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067420304","display_name":"Zahriladha Zakaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-405X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32589535","display_name":"Technical University of Malaysia Malacca","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahriladha Zakaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-405X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029877784","display_name":"Ahmed Abu\u2010Khadrah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-1999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Abu-Khadrah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-1999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061556312","display_name":"Mahamod Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-5735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahamod Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-5735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080562273","display_name":"Mohammed Mudhafar Shakir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I930072361","display_name":"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/01c5wha71","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Mudhafar Shakir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046520907","display_name":"Sameer Alani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-4982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameer Alani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Center, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq","Computer Center, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-4982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Center, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Center, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018121979","display_name":"Hussein Alsariera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9154-879X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32589535","display_name":"Technical University of Malaysia Malacca","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Alsariera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9154-879X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.3683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97138801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"33684","last_page":"33704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.855400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.855400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.7405999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.6869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8145235180854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7454720139503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.7436444759368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.6560992002487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-congestion","display_name":"Network congestion","score":0.5604793429374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4979996681213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38753098249435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3167654275894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.29615068435668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25303488969802856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8145235180854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7454720139503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.7436444759368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6560992002487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.5604793429374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4979996681213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38753098249435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3167654275894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29615068435668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25303488969802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e52ecd6d52384214912ca3fa52332135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e52ecd6d52384214912ca3fa52332135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 33684-33704 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3530243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199692854","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2112738128","https://openalex.org/W2176919951","https://openalex.org/W2206428743","https://openalex.org/W2247816666","https://openalex.org/W2284268886","https://openalex.org/W2472333518","https://openalex.org/W2511660610","https://openalex.org/W2552464140","https://openalex.org/W2594910663","https://openalex.org/W2597698998","https://openalex.org/W2606537796","https://openalex.org/W2790902688","https://openalex.org/W2896252141","https://openalex.org/W2897178686","https://openalex.org/W2898359313","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2915117209","https://openalex.org/W2920836636","https://openalex.org/W2952159320","https://openalex.org/W2963240573","https://openalex.org/W2973454102","https://openalex.org/W2989230094","https://openalex.org/W2996541402","https://openalex.org/W3000993892","https://openalex.org/W3005847836","https://openalex.org/W3014845548","https://openalex.org/W3028016574","https://openalex.org/W3030840723","https://openalex.org/W3039510749","https://openalex.org/W3041497362","https://openalex.org/W3044339269","https://openalex.org/W3083917758","https://openalex.org/W3150493802","https://openalex.org/W3165735421","https://openalex.org/W3176187537","https://openalex.org/W3193429343","https://openalex.org/W3195266085","https://openalex.org/W3200072650","https://openalex.org/W3203047652","https://openalex.org/W4200103687","https://openalex.org/W4205453809","https://openalex.org/W4210835068","https://openalex.org/W4292092641","https://openalex.org/W4308873394","https://openalex.org/W4310448854","https://openalex.org/W4312332697","https://openalex.org/W4317815242","https://openalex.org/W4365128490","https://openalex.org/W4378620028","https://openalex.org/W4380433356","https://openalex.org/W4386112136","https://openalex.org/W4389060517","https://openalex.org/W4389210569","https://openalex.org/W4389903273","https://openalex.org/W4391404874","https://openalex.org/W4391770468","https://openalex.org/W4400349965","https://openalex.org/W4402725249","https://openalex.org/W4402993000","https://openalex.org/W4403534662","https://openalex.org/W4404102046","https://openalex.org/W4404227212","https://openalex.org/W4404371060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2739612537","https://openalex.org/W3006936859","https://openalex.org/W2104259103","https://openalex.org/W1987040457","https://openalex.org/W2185024549","https://openalex.org/W2378502887","https://openalex.org/W2184492720","https://openalex.org/W2731989356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"centers":[1],"are":[2],"grappling":[3],"with":[4,77],"increasing":[5],"traffic":[6,19,42,49,75,93,112,212],"congestion,":[7,30],"which":[8],"hampers":[9],"mobility":[10],"and":[11,44,110,130,150,162,180,188,214],"reduces":[12],"the":[13,32,82,141,147,163],"effectiveness":[14],"of":[15,143,165],"emergency":[16,26,45,78,108,166,191,197,215],"responses.":[17],"Current":[18],"management":[20,94],"systems":[21,51,95],"struggle":[22],"to":[23,71,106,123,200],"dynamically":[24],"prioritize":[25,107],"vehicles":[27,109,198],"during":[28],"peak":[29],"highlighting":[31],"need":[33],"for":[34,196,221],"an":[35,86,98,207],"advanced":[36],"solution":[37,220],"that":[38,90],"improves":[39],"both":[40,201],"everyday":[41],"flow":[43,213],"response":[46],"efficiency.":[47],"Traditional":[48],"light":[50],"typically":[52],"follow":[53],"either":[54],"fixed":[55],"schedules":[56],"(\u201cFixed\u201d":[57],"approach)":[58],"or":[59],"make":[60],"real-time":[61,104],"adjustments":[62],"without":[63],"achieving":[64],"long-term":[65,178],"efficiency":[66,164],"(\u201cGreedy\u201d":[67],"approach),":[68],"often":[69],"failing":[70],"effectively":[72,189],"balance":[73,209],"regular":[74],"dynamics":[76],"needs.":[79],"We":[80],"propose":[81],"\u201cAvg":[83,170],"Log\u201c":[84],"method,":[85],"adaptive":[87],"Q-learning":[88],"strategy":[89],"enhances":[91],"conventional":[92],"by":[96],"incorporating":[97],"emergency-aware":[99],"module.":[100],"This":[101,204],"module":[102],"uses":[103],"data":[105],"adjust":[111],"signals":[113],"accordingly.":[114],"Additionally,":[115],"our":[116,144],"approach":[117],"employs":[118],"a":[119,135,218],"multi-objective":[120],"optimization":[121],"algorithm":[122],"strengthen":[124],"communication":[125],"infrastructure,":[126],"optimizing":[127],"latency,":[128],"throughput,":[129,161],"reliability.":[131],"Through":[132],"simulations":[133],"in":[134],"multi-intersection":[136],"urban":[137,223],"setting,":[138],"we":[139],"compared":[140,199],"performance":[142],"method":[145,172,205],"against":[146],"standard":[148],"\u201cGreedy\u201d":[149],"\u201cFixed\u201d":[151],"approaches.":[152],"Key":[153],"metrics":[154],"assessed":[155],"included":[156],"average":[157,185],"waiting":[158,186],"times,":[159],"system":[160],"vehicle":[167],"passage.":[168],"The":[169],"Log\u201d":[171],"outperformed":[173],"traditional":[174],"methods,":[175],"showing":[176],"superior":[177],"adaptability":[179],"learning.":[181],"It":[182],"demonstrated":[183],"lower":[184],"times":[187],"managed":[190],"situations,":[192],"significantly":[193],"reducing":[194],"delays":[195],"control":[202],"methods.":[203],"provides":[206],"efficient":[208],"between":[210],"overall":[211],"prioritization,":[216],"suggesting":[217],"scalable":[219],"complex":[222],"environments.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
