{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406457723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3529843","title":"Integrating Explainable Artificial Intelligence With Advanced Deep Learning Model for Crowd Density Estimation in Real-World Surveillance Systems","display_name":"Integrating Explainable Artificial Intelligence With Advanced Deep Learning Model for Crowd Density Estimation in Real-World Surveillance Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406457723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3529843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3529843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3529843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3529843","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088482440","display_name":"Sultan Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-3036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206935292","display_name":"Shaqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hawb687","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Refa Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Humanities-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Humanities-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040648860","display_name":"Hanan Abdullah Mengash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-2434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanan Abdullah Mengash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-2434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030631880","display_name":"Mohammed Maray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Maray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015428357","display_name":"Faiz Abdullah Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1908-4928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiz Abdullah Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1908-4928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114349326","display_name":"Abdulwhab Alkharashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulwhab Alkharashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6618-2659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701629","display_name":"Ahmad A. Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1573-0367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad A. Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1573-0367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071479102","display_name":"Moneerah Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-8153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206935292","display_name":"Shaqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hawb687","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moneerah Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Humanities-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-8153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Humanities-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073138968","display_name":"Mrim M. Alnfiai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-6313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mrim M. Alnfiai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-6313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.1911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98679401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"20750","last_page":"20762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7338152527809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6107534170150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5217493772506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4456433355808258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.44241276383399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08901211619377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.06820404529571533}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7338152527809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6107534170150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5217493772506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4456433355808258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.44241276383399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08901211619377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.06820404529571533}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3529843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3529843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e6dc2b7b82784b9ca829369bfc0afaaa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e6dc2b7b82784b9ca829369bfc0afaaa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 20750-20762 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3529843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3529843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2991441121","https://openalex.org/W3015687342","https://openalex.org/W3017309616","https://openalex.org/W3020266757","https://openalex.org/W3028457518","https://openalex.org/W3046819258","https://openalex.org/W3205430911","https://openalex.org/W3214450481","https://openalex.org/W4213231389","https://openalex.org/W4224241295","https://openalex.org/W4226514597","https://openalex.org/W4283013491","https://openalex.org/W4283765602","https://openalex.org/W4285259548","https://openalex.org/W4293100471","https://openalex.org/W4297238394","https://openalex.org/W4308441616","https://openalex.org/W4312204690","https://openalex.org/W4319787276","https://openalex.org/W4323849776","https://openalex.org/W4366375055","https://openalex.org/W4372311780","https://openalex.org/W4376171540","https://openalex.org/W4376256111","https://openalex.org/W4383751262","https://openalex.org/W4386833124","https://openalex.org/W4386894087","https://openalex.org/W4388119582","https://openalex.org/W4388273523","https://openalex.org/W4388682065","https://openalex.org/W4390603747","https://openalex.org/W4391486741","https://openalex.org/W4391617181","https://openalex.org/W4392066340","https://openalex.org/W4392884204","https://openalex.org/W4393399720","https://openalex.org/W4396782913","https://openalex.org/W4399370087","https://openalex.org/W4400740296","https://openalex.org/W4400825089","https://openalex.org/W4401449287","https://openalex.org/W4402027329","https://openalex.org/W4402496206","https://openalex.org/W6776088026","https://openalex.org/W6863427633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crowd":[0,106],"Density":[1,107],"Detection":[2,108],"in":[3,25,31,234],"Smart":[4],"Video":[5],"Surveillance":[6],"involves":[7],"advanced":[8,160],"computer":[9],"vision":[10],"(CV)":[11],"techniques":[12],"to":[13,125,208],"improve":[14],"the":[15,71,121,127,141,164,171,178,182,187,194,210,214,221],"efficiency":[16],"and":[17,27,37,52,63,73,91,109,129,184],"accuracy":[18,227],"of":[19,75,120,132,135,186,204,213,220,229,236],"crowd":[20,29,50,76,93,136,188],"monitoring.":[21],"The":[22,118,155,217],"system":[23],"assists":[24],"detecting":[26],"analyzing":[28],"density":[30,189],"real-time":[32],"by":[33,176,192],"utilizing":[34],"artificial":[35],"intelligence":[36],"machine":[38],"learning":[39],"(ML)":[40],"models":[41,81,233],"on":[42],"surveillance":[43,116],"videos.":[44],"It":[45],"detects":[46],"crowded":[47],"areas,":[48],"manages":[49],"flow,":[51],"combines":[53],"automated":[54,128],"analysis":[55],"with":[56,102],"human":[57],"oversight":[58],"for":[59,113,151,167],"improved":[60,211],"public":[61],"safety":[62],"early":[64],"intervention.":[65],"Explainable":[66],"Artificial":[67],"Intelligence":[68],"(XAI)":[69],"improves":[70],"interpretability":[72],"transparency":[74],"management":[77],"methods.":[78],"Incorporating":[79],"XAI":[80],"provides":[82],"clear,":[83],"understandable":[84],"insights":[85],"into":[86],"predictions,":[87],"ensuring":[88],"more":[89],"actionable":[90],"reliable":[92],"management.":[94],"This":[95],"study":[96],"proposes":[97],"an":[98,159],"Osprey":[99],"Optimization":[100],"Algorithm":[101],"Deep":[103],"Learning":[104],"Assisted":[105],"Classification":[110],"(OOADL-CDDC)":[111],"technique":[112,123,143,157,223],"smart":[114],"video":[115],"systems.":[117],"aim":[119],"OOADL-CDDC":[122,142,156,215,222],"is":[124,174,190],"enable":[126],"efficient":[130],"detection":[131,183],"distinct":[133,237],"kinds":[134],"densities.":[137],"To":[138],"achieve":[139],"this,":[140],"primarily":[144],"utilizes":[145,158],"a":[146,225],"bilateral":[147],"filtering":[148],"(BF)":[149],"approach":[150],"noise":[152],"removal":[153],"process.":[154],"DL":[161],"method,":[162],"employing":[163],"SE-DenseNet":[165],"model":[166],"feature":[168],"extraction,":[169],"while":[170],"hyperparameter":[172],"selection":[173],"performed":[175,207],"using":[177,193],"OOA":[179],"model.":[180,201],"Finally,":[181],"classification":[185],"accomplished":[191],"attention":[195],"bidirectional":[196],"gated":[197],"recurrent":[198],"unit":[199],"(ABiGRU)":[200],"A":[202],"series":[203],"experiments":[205],"are":[206],"demonstrate":[209],"performance":[212,218],"method.":[216],"validation":[219],"portrayed":[224],"superior":[226],"value":[228],"98.30%":[230],"over":[231],"existing":[232],"terms":[235],"measures.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}