{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406321387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528562","title":"A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles","display_name":"A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406321387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3528562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528562","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106548824","display_name":"Nils Lohmiller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134656947","display_name":"Esslingen University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/056cezx90","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nils Lohmiller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1301-4002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107179019","display_name":"Sabrina Kaniewski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134656947","display_name":"Esslingen University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/056cezx90","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabrina Kaniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3966-9681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066802567","display_name":"Michael Menth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3216-1015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143910747","display_name":"TH Bingen University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxkj057","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143910747"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Menth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Communication Networks, University of T&#x00FC;bingen, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3216-1015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Communication Networks, University of T&#x00FC;bingen, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143910747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065269908","display_name":"Tobias Heer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-252X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134656947","display_name":"Esslingen University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/056cezx90","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Heer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-252X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5106548824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134656947"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":41.5519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99733637,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"10160","last_page":"10176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9483000040054321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.7481020092964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6806732416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5614911913871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4455999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.36243486404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3223782777786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.1476590931415558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12305456399917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.09187924861907959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.7481020092964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6806732416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5614911913871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4455999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.36243486404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3223782777786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.1476590931415558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12305456399917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.09187924861907959}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3528562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:252ab23d28c84214bc6d2086f8203440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/252ab23d28c84214bc6d2086f8203440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 10160-10176 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3528562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2128978816","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2967415590","https://openalex.org/W3007841246","https://openalex.org/W3018640761","https://openalex.org/W3090696871","https://openalex.org/W3092409182","https://openalex.org/W3093531978","https://openalex.org/W3111699215","https://openalex.org/W3114245078","https://openalex.org/W3212784039","https://openalex.org/W3216799435","https://openalex.org/W4200365024","https://openalex.org/W4206184986","https://openalex.org/W4213272578","https://openalex.org/W4234254712","https://openalex.org/W4238256444","https://openalex.org/W4254706618","https://openalex.org/W4255055456","https://openalex.org/W4280552546","https://openalex.org/W4285022765","https://openalex.org/W4292092641","https://openalex.org/W4293230625","https://openalex.org/W4312557275","https://openalex.org/W4313496490","https://openalex.org/W4318149071","https://openalex.org/W4365934498","https://openalex.org/W4372311864","https://openalex.org/W4376138867","https://openalex.org/W4378551632","https://openalex.org/W4378976995","https://openalex.org/W4385713496","https://openalex.org/W4386432146","https://openalex.org/W4391724773","https://openalex.org/W4394744133","https://openalex.org/W4394929374","https://openalex.org/W4396582583","https://openalex.org/W4399990286","https://openalex.org/W4401070306","https://openalex.org/W4402508534","https://openalex.org/W4402754022","https://openalex.org/W6757733867","https://openalex.org/W6768426580","https://openalex.org/W6770380337","https://openalex.org/W6773410796","https://openalex.org/W6903994241","https://openalex.org/W6904033467","https://openalex.org/W6922881148","https://openalex.org/W6922909275","https://openalex.org/W6960276641","https://openalex.org/W6963496974","https://openalex.org/W7042706231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3173339789","https://openalex.org/W2060145807","https://openalex.org/W4248806346","https://openalex.org/W4288754535","https://openalex.org/W4385627932","https://openalex.org/W2548040793","https://openalex.org/W3008265109","https://openalex.org/W4307248189","https://openalex.org/W3093954335","https://openalex.org/W4205482204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34],"advent":[1],"of":[2,21,29,36,61,88,94,108,141,146,168,206],"quantum":[3,99],"computers":[4,100],"makes":[5],"asymmetric":[6,109,158],"cryptographic":[7],"algorithms":[8,38,73,148],"insecure":[9,79],"and":[10,24,63,122,138,178,190,198,212],"vulnerable.":[11],"A":[12],"promising":[13],"solution":[14],"to":[15,57,77,103,193],"ensure":[16],"the":[17,27,58,66,92,142,150,161,166,185,204,209],"continued":[18],"security":[19,189],"attributes":[20],"confidentiality,":[22],"integrity,":[23],"availability":[25],"is":[26],"use":[28,155],"Post-Quantum":[30],"Cryptography":[31],"(PQC)":[32],"algorithms.":[33],"adoption":[35,52,93,205],"quantum-safe":[37,216],"takes":[39],"place":[40],"at":[41],"a":[42,85,136],"vastly":[43],"different":[44,47],"pace":[45],"in":[46,129,149,160,208],"industries.":[48],"In":[49,131,181],"some":[50],"industries,":[51],"processes":[53],"are":[54,74,84,101,120],"slow":[55],"due":[56],"required":[59],"adaptation":[60],"regulations":[62],"standards.":[64],"At":[65],"same":[67],"time,":[68],"long-lived":[69,89],"products":[70,90],"with":[71],"non-PQC":[72],"more":[75],"likely":[76,127],"become":[78],"during":[80],"their":[81,191],"lifetime.":[82],"Vehicles":[83],"prime":[86],"example":[87],"where":[91],"PQC":[95,147,207],"proceeds":[96],"slowly.":[97],"When":[98],"able":[102],"break":[104],"relevant":[105],"key":[106],"lengths":[107],"cryptography":[110,159],"and,":[111],"thus,":[112],"render":[113],"current":[114,143],"vehicle":[115,174,188],"systems":[116],"insecure,":[117],"vehicles":[118],"that":[119,164],"developed":[121],"produced":[123],"today":[124],"will":[125],"most":[126],"remain":[128],"use.":[130],"this":[132],"work,":[133],"we":[134,183,196],"provide":[135],"structured":[137],"comprehensive":[139],"overview":[140],"migration":[144],"state":[145],"automotive":[151,162,210],"area.":[152],"We":[153],"address":[154],"cases":[156],"involving":[157],"context":[163],"face":[165],"challenge":[167],"adapting":[169],"PQC,":[170],"such":[171],"as":[172],"internal":[173],"networks,":[175],"manufacturer-specific":[176],"communication,":[177],"vehicle-to-everything":[179],"communication.":[180],"addition,":[182],"review":[184],"standards":[186],"concerning":[187],"relevance":[192],"PQC.":[194],"Finally,":[195],"identify":[197],"discuss":[199],"open":[200],"research":[201],"challenges":[202],"regarding":[203],"domain":[211],"further":[213],"steps":[214],"towards":[215],"vehicles.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
